Anti-tumour response to modified self-epitopes

ABSTRACT

Anti-tumor immune responses to modified self-epitopes. The present invention relates to the use of tumor-associated epitopes in medicine and in particular in the treatment of cancer. The epitopes stimulate an immune reaction against the tumor and have a modification selected from deimination of arginine to citrulline, nitration of tyrosine, oxidation of tryptophan and deamination of glutamine or asparagine. The invention also relates to nucleic acids comprising sequences that encode such epitopes for use in the treatment of cancer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/GB2013/052109, which designated the United States and was filed onAug. 7, 2013, published in English.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 or 365 to GreatBritain, Application No. 1214007.5, filed Aug. 7, 2012. The entireteachings of the above applications are incorporated herein byreference.

The present invention relates generally to modified peptides that can beused as targets for cancer immunotherapy. These modified peptides can beused as vaccines or as targets for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy.Such vaccines or mAbs may be used in the treatment of cancer.

The focus of anti-tumour immune responses has largely been directed atthe generation of tumour-specific CD8 responses due, in part, to lack ofMHC class II expression by most solid tumours. These tumours thereforeconstitute better targets for CD8 T cells than CD4 T cells. However,therapies involving CD8 T cells have elicited only modest andshort-lived responses in patients. It has been known for many years thatCD4 helper cells play a pivotal role in the induction ofepitope-specific immune responses, whether antibody or CD8 mediated. Ithas been reported that memory CD8 responses are impaired if induced inthe absence of CD4 help [1, 2]. This was initially believed to be due totheir secretion of IL-2 [3] but is more recently believed to also be dueto modification/activation of dendritic cells (DCs) which in turnactivate CD8 cells [4-7]. In most cases, this help is provided byforeign CD4 epitopes originating from pathogens or inserted in vaccines.However, tumour-specific CD4 responses are also required at the tumoursite to enhance inflammation, resulting in enhanced recruitment andretention of CD8 cells, NK cells and other inflammatory mediators ofanti-tumour immunity [8-11]. The involvement of CD4 helper T cells incancer immunity is further construed from studies using CD4 or MHC classII deficient mice where tumour progression ensues, indicating theimportance of CD4 T cells in the eradication of tumours. More recentreports in the literature suggest the importance of tumour-reactive CD4T cells which play a direct role in tumour eradication as well as thesuperior action of tumour specific Th17 cells at mediating tumourdestruction in vivo [12-15]. High frequency and avidity CD4 responses totumour-specific epitopes can be generated if the repertoire is notsubject to tolerance [16-18]. When the repertoire is subject toself-tolerance the induction of epitope specific CD4 responses is muchmore limited and resulting responses are of lower frequency and avidity.

There are several types of tumour epitope that can be targeted withintumours. These include tumour-specific epitopes and tumour-associatedepitopes. The former arise due to mutations or duplications or deletionsof larger segments of DNA which are acquired during the generation andpathogenesis of the tumour. The point mutations are difficult to targetby the immune system as they must create new epitopes either becausethey create new anchor residues which can binding to MHC or new aminoacids which interacting more strongly with T or B cell receptors (TCR orBCRs). Even if mutations do generate new epitopes, they are frequentlyonly recognised by a small portion of individuals with the appropriateMHC haplotype. Gene duplications and deletions are difficult to targetas they are usually unique to individual cancers. In contrast,tumour-associated epitopes are over-expressed normal epitopes. Suchnormal epitopes are usually expressed within the thymus either directlyor via AIRE enzyme, and T cells recognising these epitopes with highaffinity are deleted or differentiated into natural T regulatory cells.Although CD8 responses to tumour-associated epitopes have been reported,there are very few CD4 responses to tumour-associated epitopes,suggesting that the repertoire to these epitopes is more heavilyregulated for CD4 cells than CD8 cells. The only reported CD4 responsesare to cancer testes antigens that are expressed during embryogenesisbut only remain active in the gametes in adults and may not be subjectedto thymic tolerance, although recent evidence is that AIRE can alsopresent these epitopes in the thymus. The challenge is therefore to finda repertoire of T cells that can recognise self-epitopes and attacktumours.

The inventors have unexpectedly found that certain modifications to T orB cell epitopes result in the epitopes raising a stronger immuneresponse compared to unmodified epitopes. Surprisingly, the inventorshave found that certain modified epitopes are associated with tumoursand consequently can be used to raise an immune response against suchtumours.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided atumour-associated epitope which stimulates an immune reaction againstthe tumour for use in medicine, the epitope having a modificationselected from deimination of arginine, nitration of tyrosine, oxidationof tryptophan and deamination of glutamine or asparagine.

The invention also provides a tumour-associated epitope which stimulatesan immune reaction against the tumour, and/or a nucleic acid comprisinga sequence that encodes such an epitope, for use in a method fortreating cancer, the epitope having a modification selected fromdeimination of arginine, nitration of tyrosine, oxidation of tryptophanand deamination of glutamine or asparagine such an epitope, as well asthe use of such an epitope and/or nucleic acid in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of cancer. The invention also provides amethod of treating cancer, comprising administering an epitope ornucleic acid of the invention to a subject in need of such treatment.

The epitope may be a T or B cell epitope. Epitopes in accordance withthe present invention may be used alone or in combination. In addition,they may be used in combination with other therapeutic agents, such asanti-cancer agents including but not limited to checkpoint blockadedrugs such as ipilimumab.

A preferred modification is deimination of arginine to form citrulline.Free arginine can be converted to free citrulline by nitric oxidesynthetase in eukaryotes or by arginine deiminase in bacteria.Citrulline is a modified amino acid but, as it has no tRNA, it cannot beincorporated directly into proteins and results from post-translationalmodification of arginine by the action of peptidylarginine deiminase(PAD), a family of enzymes found in a variety of tissues. The term“citrullination” or “deimination” refers to modification of arginine tocitrulline, which may be a post-translational modification by the enzymePAD within a peptide sequence. This is shown in more detail in FIG. 1 ofthe accompanying drawings. In the reaction from arginine to citrulline,one of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the arginine side chain isreplaced by an oxygen. The reaction uses one H₂O molecule and yieldsammonia as a side-product. This conversion of arginine into citrullinecan have important consequences for the structure and function ofproteins, since arginine is positively charged at neutral pH, whereascitrulline is uncharged. With the increased hydrophobicity of a protein,there can be changes in protein folding. There are five PAD enzymes,namely PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Although they are highly homologous with5-60% sequence identity at the amino acid level, they have differentlocations (PAD1—epidermis and uterus; PAD2—brain, female reproductivetract, skeletal muscle and haematopoietic cells; PAD3—hair follicle andepithelium; PAD 4—hematopoietic cells, lung, oesophagus, breast andovary carcinomas; PAD 6—oocytes and pre-implantation embryos [19].Although there is some overlap with respect to target proteins, eachfamily member also appears to target a unique set of cellular proteins.This is determined by the surface exposure and clustering of arginineswhich make them good targets and preferred amino acid flankingsequences. For PAD4, small non polar amino acids are preferred inpositions −2 and +2 and prolines flanking the arginine preventcitrullination [20, 21]. Thus not all arginines within a protein arecitrullinated and not all are presented on MHC antigens for T cellrecognition.

Citrullinated epitopes derived from BiP, NY-ESO-1, MMP7, cytokeratins,MUC1, CEA.CAM5, CD59, bcl2, β-catenin, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXC112, α enolase,myelin basic protein, histone, nucleophosmin, B23, co-activator complex,anti-thrombin, aggregan, elongation factor 1α, adenylcyclase associatedprotein (CAP1), glucose regulated protein, ALDH2, cartilage intermediatelayer protein (CLIP), aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1),calreticulin, HSP60, HSP90, far upstream element-binding proteins 1 and2 (FUSE-BPs), asporin, cathepsin D, heparin binding protein, β-actin,F-actin, capping protein α-1 subunit (CapZα-1), albumin, ghistaminereceptor, protein disulphide-isomerase ER60 precursor, mitochondrialaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)can be used to stimulate anti-cancer immunity in accordance with thepresent invention. The Uniprot references for these proteins are set outin FIG. 32 of the accompanying drawings.

Antibodies to a variety of citrullinated proteins, including filaggrin,collagen, α-enolase, fibrinogen and vimentin are found in rheumatoidarthritis (RA) patients and are used as specific markers to diagnose thedisease [22-24]. More recently, a number of other citrullinated proteinsincluding histone, nucleophosmin, B23, co-activator complex,anti-thrombin, aggregan, elongation factor 1α, adenylcyclase associatedprotein (CAP1), glucose regulated protein, ALDH2, cartilage intermediatelayer protein (CLIP), aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1),calreticulin, HSP60, HSP90, BiP, far upstream element-binding proteins 1and 2 (FUSE-BPs), asporin, cathepsin D, heparin binding protein,β-actin, F-actin, capping protein α-1 subunit (CapZα-1), albumin,histamine receptor, protein disulphide-isomerase ER60 precursor,mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) have been described astargets for antibodies in RA patients [49]. Moreover, it has beenpostulated that citrulline on its own is not sufficient for thegeneration of an immune response; rather the amino acids surroundingcitrulline are essential in determining the antigenicity of the epitope[25-27].

In addition to citrullination, several other post-translationalmodifications are in accordance with the invention and have beenobserved within MHC bound peptides. These include nitration of tyrosineresidues [28] and oxidation of tryptophan residues [29]. The activationof macrophages and dendritic cells includes production of nitric oxideand other reactive oxygen species. Exposure of proteins can lead to thenitration of tyrosines and to a lesser extent tryptophan. CD4 cells havebeen shown to specifically recognise these modifications in hen egglysozyme-derived epitopes [29]. However, the role of nitrated epitopesin any disease has yet to be established. The presence of high levels ofnitrotyrosines in prostatic tumour infiltrating lymphocytes suggests thelocal production of peroxynitrites. Inhibiting the activity of arginaseand nitric oxide synthetase, key enzymes in arginine metabolism that arehighly expressed in malignant but not in normal prostates, reducedtyrosine nitration and restoration of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes[30]. The deamination of glutamine or asparagine can result from ageingbut a significant proportion of this modification is generated byenzymatic mechanisms. Deamination creates predominantly negativelycharged side chains (glutamate or aspartate) and alters the capacity ofglutamine and asparagine to form hydrogen bonds. Asparagines can beconverted to aspartate by N-glycanase and therefore this modification isintimately linked to N-glycosylation. Glutamine residues can bedeaminated by tissue transglutamate. The deamination of glutamine ingliadins from dietary wheat glutens is a central to coeliac disease, anautoimmune disorder associated with gluten intolerance in geneticallypredisposed individuals. The HLA haplotypes, DQ2 and DQ8 have strongaffinity for deaminated gliadin peptides and stimulate T cell responsesagainst the gastrointestinal lining [31].

The epitope of the present invention may comprise, consist essentiallyof or consist of a sequence selected from:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) IQKLYGKRS, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 2)SQDDIKGIQKLYGKRS (MMP7-247), (SEQ ID NO: 3) NILTIRLTAA, preferably(SEQ ID NO: 4) PGVLLKEFTVSGNILTIRLTAADHR (NYESO-1-119), (SEQ ID NO: 5)ILTIRLTAA, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 4)PGVLLKEFTVSGNILTIRLTAADHR (NYESO-1-119), (SEQ ID NO: 6)EIRELQSQ, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 7)EEEIRELQSQISDTSVVLS (cytokeratin 8 229-247), (SEQ ID NO: 8)AKQDMARQLREYQEL, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 9)AKQDMARQLREYQELMNVKL (cytokeratin 8: 363-382), (SEQ ID NO: 10)AKQDMARQ, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 11)LQRAKQDMARQLREYQELM (cytokeratin 8: 360-378), (SEQ ID NO: 12)ISSSSFSRV, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 13)PGSRISSSSFSRVGSS (cytokeratin 8: 29-44), (SEQ ID NO: 14)PRAFSSRS, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 15)STSGPRAFSSRSYTSGPG (cytokeratin 8: 13-30), (SEQ ID NO: 16)EAALQRAKQ, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 17)ELEAALQRAKQDMARQL (cytokeratin 8: 355-371), (SEQ ID NO: 18)LEVDPNIQAVRTQE, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 19)LEVDPNIQAVRTQEKEQI (cytokeratin 8: 78-95), and (SEQ ID NO: 20)QKKLKLVRT, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 21) AQKKLKLVRTSPEYGMP (ING 4158-174)(SEQ ID NO: 22) LKLVRTSPE, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 21)AQKKLKLVRTSPEYGMP (ING 4158-174) (SEQ ID NO: 23) KKLKLVRTS, preferably(SEQ ID NO: 21) AQKKLKLVRTSPEYGMP (ING 4158-174) (SEQ ID NO: 24)YMSSARSLS, (SEQ ID NO: 25) MSSARSLSS  or (SEQ ID NO: 26)TEYMSSARS, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 27) KLATEYMSSARSLSSEEK (ING4 44-58)(SEQ ID NO: 28) FDLFENRKK, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 29)RAPFDLFENRKKKNN (HSP90-346-360) (SEQ ID NO: 30) YLNFIRGVV  or(SEQ ID NO: 31) FIRGVVDSE, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 32)IPEYLNFIRGVVDSE (HSP90-378-392), (SEQ ID NO: 33) LRYYTSASG,(SEQ ID NO: 34) LLRYYTSAS  or (SEQ ID NO: 35) LSELLRYYT , preferably(SEQ ID NO: 36) RKKLSELLRYYTSASGDEMVSL (HSP90-456-477) (SEQ ID NO: 37)RRRLSELLRYHTSQS (HSP90 beta 456-460), (SEQ ID NO: 38) VGVFKNGRV  or(SEQ ID NO: 39) FKNGRVEII, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 40)YSCVGVFKNGRVEII (BiP39-53), (SEQ ID NO: 41) YFNDAQRQA, preferably(SEQ ID NO: 42) VPAYFNDAQRQATKDA (BiP172-186), (SEQ ID NO: 43)VTFEIDVNG, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 44) EVTFEIDVNGILRVT (BiP 497-511),(SEQ ID NO: 45) ITNDQNRLT, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 46)KITITNDQNRLTPEE (BiP 522-536), (SEQ ID NO: 47) LQIVARLKN  or(SEQ ID NO: 48) VARLKNNNR, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 49)NCALQIVARLKNNNR (CXCL12-54-68) (SEQ ID NO: 50) VEIIATMKK  or(SEQ ID NO: 51) RVEIIATMK, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 52)CPRVEIIATMKKKGE (CXCL10 57-71),wherein one or more of the R residues is substituted for citrulline. InNYESO-1-119, it is preferred if the first R residue (at position 136) issubstituted for citrulline. In cytokeratin 8: 360-378, it is preferredif the second R residue (at position 369) is substituted for citrulline.In cytokeratin 8: 29-44, it is preferred if the second R residue (atposition 40) is substituted for citrulline. In HSP90, BiP, ING4, CXCL10and CXCL12 it preferred if all R residues within the sequences aresubstituted for citrulline. The invention also provides these epitopesas further aspects. In particular, the invention provides a peptidecomprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acidsequence YVTTSTcitTYSLGSALcit (SEQ ID NO: 53), optionally comprising,consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid s the sequencecitSYVTTSTcitTYSLGSALcitPSTS (SEQ ID NO: 54) (vim28-49), wherein citrepresents citrulline.

A preferred epitope of the present invention is derived from vimentinand is citrullinated. The inventors have unexpectedly found thatcitrullinated epitopes derived from vimentin can be used to raise animmune response against tumours including, but not restricted to,melanoma, breast, endometrial, colorectal and ovarian tumours.

A preferred epitope from vimentin comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of YVTTSTRTYSLGSALR (SEQ ID NO: 55) (vimentin 30-45), whichoptionally can be citrullinated. Either or both arginines may becitrullinated. The epitope may comprise, consist essentially of orconsist of RSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS (SEQ ID NO: 56) (vimentin 28-49),which optionally can be citrullinated. Any one or two, or all, of thethree arginines present may be citrullinated. It is preferred that allthree R residues are citrullinated. The second R residue (at position36) may be substituted for citrulline.

Alternative epitopes from vimentin comprise, consist essentially of orconsist of at least one of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 57) VRLRSSVPG or (SEQ ID NO: 58) RLRSSVPGV, preferably(SEQ ID NO: 59) SAVRLRSSVPGVR (vim65-77), and (SEQ ID NO: 60)FSSLNLRET, preferably (SEQ ID NO: 61) LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL (vim415-433),wherein one or more of the R residues is substituted for citrulline. Invim65-77, it is preferred if the second R residue (at position 70) issubstituted for citrulline.

Further alternative epitopes from vimentin comprise, consist essentiallyof or consist of at least one of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 62) RSSVPGVRL, (SEQ ID NO: 63) SAVRLRSSV, (SEQ ID NO: 64)ATRSSAVRL, (SEQ ID NO: 65) YATRSSAVRLRSSVPGVRL (vim 61-79),(SEQ ID NO: 66) RSSVPGVRL, (SEQ ID NO: 67) GVRLLQDSV, (SEQ ID NO: 68)RLRSSVPGVRLLQDSVDFS (vim 69-87), (SEQ ID NO: 69) QLKGQGKSR,(SEQ ID NO: 70) KSRLGDLYE, (SEQ ID NO: 71)EQLKGQGKSRLGDLYEEEM (vim125-154), (SEQ ID NO: 72) ELRRQVDQL,(SEQ ID NO: 73) EMRELRRQV, (SEQ ID NO: 74)DLYEEEMRELRRQVDQLTN (vim 148-166), (SEQ ID NO: 75) QLTNDKARV,(SEQ ID NO: 76) VEVERDNLA, (SEQ ID NO: 77) LTNDKARVE, (SEQ ID NO: 78)VDQLTNDKARVEVERDNLA (vim 161-179), (SEQ ID NO: 79) EVERDNLAE,(SEQ ID NO: 80) NDKARVEVERDNLAEDIMR (vim 166-184), (SEQ ID NO: 81)IMRLREKLQ, (SEQ ID NO: 82) DNLAEDIMRLREKLQEEML (vim 176-194),(SEQ ID NO: 83) QREEAENTL, (SEQ ID NO: 84) KLQEEMLQR, (SEQ ID NO: 85)EKLQEEMLQREEAENTLQS (vim 187-205), and/or (SEQ ID NO: 86) FRQDVDNAS,(SEQ ID NO: 87) ENTLQSFRQ, (SEQ ID NO: 88)EAENTLQSFRQDVDNASLA (vim 198-216),wherein one or more of the R residues may be substituted for citrulline.In the above, preferred R residues for substitution to citrulline areunderlined. The core sequence(s) is/are shown prior to the epitope.

In one aspect, the present invention provides an epitope comprising,consisting essentially of or consisting of the sequence YVTTSTRTYSLGSALR(SEQ ID NO: 55) and optionally comprising the sequenceRSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS (SEQ ID NO: 56) (vim28-49), and/or a nucleic acidencoding such an epitope, for use in a method of treating cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an epitope comprising,consisting essentially of or consisting of the sequence FSSLNLRET (SEQID NO: 60), preferably LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL (SEQ ID NO: 61) (vim415-433),and/or a nucleic acid encoding such an epitope, for use in a method oftreating autoimmune disease. The inventors have found that this epitopestimulates an IL10 response that suppresses the overall immune response.

Unless otherwise indicated, the underlined residues in the abovesequences indicate the core sequences. Amino acids outside these coresequences may be conservatively substituted for other amino acids,preferably for amino acids that have a similar size and/or charge to thenative amino acid they are replacing, or may be deleted. Additionally oralternatively, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or all non-core amino acids may besubstituted or deleted. Epitopes useful in the present invention mayhave a length, hydrophobicity and/or charge that is optimal forrecognition by CD4+ T cells in the context of HLA class II molecules.Epitopes of the invention may comprise at least 13, 14, 15, 16 or moreamino acids. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that additionalepitopes useful in the invention can be identified using the varioustechniques set out in Example 10 herein.

The inventors have also found that administration of nucleic acid, suchas DNA or RNA, encoding full length vimentin (see FIG. 2 for thesequence of human vimentin. The N-terminal methionine residue can beincluded for excluded), gives rise to strong immune responses. Thisforms a further embodiment of the invention.

Vimentin (vim) is highly conserved between those species in which thegene has been cloned (chicken, mouse, dog, sheep, cow, horse, pig andhuman). Accordingly, vimentin and epitopes derived from vimentin, suchas those discussed above, as well as nucleic acids encoding these, canbe used for treating cancer in non-human mammals.

The applicant has previously shown that incorporation of T cell epitopeswithin an antibody DNA construct enhances both the frequency and avidityof the T cell response [32, 33]. As discussed in more detail in theexamples below, the inventors cloned a variety of foreign andself-epitopes into antibody-DNA constructs and screened for T cellresponses in HLA transgenic mice. All the foreign epitopes stimulatedstrong T cell responses but the only self-epitope that stimulated asignificant response was vimentin 28-49. Even the human gp100 epitope,that only differed by one conservative amino acid change from the nativemouse epitope, stimulated a strong response in mice whereas, thecompletely conserved mouse epitope failed to stimulate a response inmice. This suggests that there is complete tolerance/deletion of T cellsrecognising the mouse epitope but not the very similar human epitope.The implication is that the human epitope will not stimulate T cellresponses in humans and, although the mouse epitope might, the T cellswill not be able to recognise the naturally processed human epitopewithin the tumour. In contrast, the self vimentin 28-49 epitopestimulated an IFNγ response in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Previous studieshad shown that the vim 28-49 epitope failed to stimulate an immuneresponse in normal donors or patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)[34]. In contrast, the inventors have shown that cancer patients make animmune response to vim 28-49. This suggests, unexpectedly, that thisepitope is not subject to self-tolerance and there is a repertoire of Tcells both in mice and humans that can recognise and respond to thisepitope.

Vimentin (gi/4507895) is a homodimeric intracellular protein found inintermediate filaments (IFs), specifically class III IFs, in mesenchymaland other non-epithelial cells. IFs are a major component of thecytoskeleton of higher eukaryotic cells and are composed of a number ofdifferent structurally related proteins. Different IF protein genes areexpressed in different tissues. Both the human and murine vimentin geneshave been characterised (see, e.g., [35, 36]).

Vimentin, along with other IF proteins, has been used in thehistological classification of human tumours (for reviews see [37, 38])and as a marker for de-differentiation in several types of tumours.Vimentin directed diagnostics and therapeutics for multi-drug resistantneoplastic disease have been described (US patent application number20100260667), as have tumour markers that co-localise with vimentin andother IFs, see e.g. WO0127269. The latter describes a novel marker forneuroblastomas called VIP54 and its use in the detection and cellularimaging of IF as a marker of tumour development and progression. Severalother examples are known that show changes in the expressed level andintracellular distribution of vimentin in different types of human solidtumours and solid tumour cell lines [39, 40]. However, hitherto therehas been no demonstration of T cell responses to unmodified vimentin.

Human vimentin is a 57 kDa protein, comprising 466 amino acids (see FIG.2 of the accompanying drawings) and is one of the most widely expressedand highly conserved proteins of the type III IF protein family. It isabsent in the cytosol but is expressed in the nucleus and as anextracellular protein. It is involved in the dynamic organisation of thecytoskeleton, with a vital function in organelle transport, cellmigration and proliferation.

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT); Vimentin is also over-expressedin various epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer,gastrointestinal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanomaand tumours of the central nervous system. It is also found in cervicalcancer [41], clear-cell renal cell carcinoma [42], certain types oflymphomas [43], papillary thyroid carcinoma [44] and endometrialcarcinomas [45]. Its over-expression in cancer correlates withaccelerated tumour growth, invasion, and poor prognosis. In gastriccancers, vimentin expression has been most often associated with theinvasive phenotype of gastric carcinoma and is suggested to play animportant role in the metastasis of gastric carcinomas as well asserving as a prognostic marker [46, 47]. Soft tissue sarcomas and someepithelial cancers exhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)phenotypes express vimentin. The switch of carcinoma cells from anepithelial to mesenchymal-like phenotype via an EMT is recognised as arelevant step in the metastasis of solid tumours (see FIG. 3 of theaccompanying drawings). Additionally, this phenotypic switch ofcarcinoma cells is associated with the acquisition of tumour resistancemechanisms that reduce the anti-tumour effects of radiation,chemotherapy and some small-molecule-targeted therapies. Althoughvimentin is recognised as a marker for EMT, its role in tumourgenesisremains unclear. One of the most studied inducers of EMT is TGFβ, whichhas been shown in multiple tumour types to cooperate with RTK-signallingpathways or other pathways to drive tumour cells towards a moremesenchymal, metastatic phenotype. Ivaska [48] has demonstrated thatvimentin contributes to EMT by up-regulating gene expression of severalEMT-linked genes, especially expression of the pro-migratory receptortyrosine kinase Axl. A number of studies support the notion thatvimentin functions as a positive regulator of EMT and its up-regulationis a prerequisite for EMT induction [48, 49]. All of the cancersmentioned above may be treated in accordance with the invention,regardless of the epitope, as well as ovarian and gastrointestinalcancer. The invention may also relate, but not be limited, to thetreatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, malignantmelanoma, tumours of the central nervous system, cervical cancer,clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, lymphomas, papillary thyroid carcinomaand endometrial carcinomas.

Vimentin 28-49 and other epitopes in accordance with the invention maybe delivered in vivo as a peptide, optionally in the form of a peptideas disclosed in WO02/058728. The inventors have surprisingly found thatepitopes useful in the invention give rise to strong immune responseswhen administered as a peptide. Such epitopes may be administered asjust the sequence of the epitope, or as a polypeptide containing theepitope, or even as the full length protein. Alternatively, epitopes inaccordance with the invention may be administered in vivo as a nucleicacid encoding the epitope, encoding a polypeptide containing the epitopeor even encoding the full length protein. Such nucleic acids may be inthe form of a mini gene, i.e. encoding a leader sequence and the epitopeor a leader sequence and full length protein. Alternatively, they may bein the form of nucleic acids as disclosed in WO2008/116937. In a furtheraspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid which comprises atleast one sequence that encodes a recombinant heavy chain of animmunoglobulin molecule, the heavy chain having at least oneheterologous T cell epitope therein, wherein the T cell epitope is anepitope of the first aspect of the invention, preferably vimentin 28-49.Preferably the nucleic acid further comprises a non-specific promoter,and may be DNA. The immunoglobulin molecule may be an antibody. Theepitope may be inserted into a CDR of the heavy chain, preferably CDR3of the heavy chain. Nucleic acids encoding epitopes useful in thepresent invention may be targeted to antigen presenting cells and othercells that express PAD enzymes, preferably PAD4 enzymes. Nucleic acidsof the present invention may be targeted by including a nucleic acidencoding a targeting agent, such as Fc or a monoclonal antibodytargeting a different antigen on APCs, e.g. anti-DEC205 mAb or by meansof intradermal injection as skin has a large number of APCs.

Previous studies had shown that vim 26-44 citrullinated at positions 28and 36, vim 36-54 citrullinated at positions 36 and 45 and vim 415-433citrullinated at position 424 can stimulate T cells responses in HLA-DR4mice and/or RA patients [34]. As described in detail in the Examples, totest whether the vim epitopes within a DNA construct were stimulatingimmune responses against citrullinated vimentin, mice were immunisedwith DNA encoding the vimentin epitopes and screened for responsesagainst the unmodified and citrullinated epitopes. The mice immunisedwith vim 28-49 DNA or DNA encoding the whole vimentin sequence respondedmore strongly to the citrullinated 28-49 epitope than the wild typeepitopes. This suggests that, when the DNA is translated, the vimepitopes are citrullinated, the citrullinated epitope binds with higheraffinity to MHC or that the T cells stimulated with unmodified vimepitopes recognise the citrullinated epitopes more avidly.

In contrast to vim 28-49, vim 415-433 DNA or DNA encoding the wholevimentin sequence only stimulated responses that recognised thecitrullinated epitope vim415-433 but not wild type vim415-433,confirming that the DNA within epitope presenting cells (APCs) was beingtranslated into a peptide that was being citrullinated. In this context,it has recently been shown that dendritic cells express thecitrullinating enzymes PAD2 and PAD4 [51]. Of further interest was thatvim 415-433 encoding DNA gave a strong Th17 response. DNA vaccinesencoding epitopes from MMP7 and NY-ESO-1 also stimulated T cells thatcould recognise citrullinated and unmodified epitopes. The MMP-7response was predominantly Th17 whereas the NYESO-1 response waspredominantly Th1. Similarly, cancer patients show responses to theseMMP7 and NYESO-1 modified and unmodified peptides.

There have been several reports indicating that monocytes express PADenzymes [27, 52, 53]. More recently, both bone marrow derived dendriticcells and peritoneal macrophages have been shown to express PAD2 andPAD4 [51]. Citrullination as part of the inflammatory process is onlyjust beginning to be explored. Stimulation of peripheral bloodmononuclear cells with IFNγ and double stranded RNA, causescitrullination of the chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL10, with a fundamentaleffect on their receptor usage, proteolytic processing and biologicalactivities [54-56]. This may imply that mediators of cell stress viaTOLL receptors, DAMP receptors or heat shock proteins may allowphysiological activation of PAD enzymes both within APCs and withintarget cells, such as infected cells or tumour cells, to allow breakingof tolerance to modified self-epitopes and induction of immuneresponses. Citrullination within dendritic cells appears to be relatedto autophagy [57] but this has only been demonstrated with hen egglysozyme. As disclosed herein, DNA encoding unmodified epitopes canstimulate T cell responses that are specific to the citrullinatedepitope. This implies that the DNA must be translated andpost-translationally citrullinated within APCs to stimulate T cells thatare specific to the citrullinated epitope. This is the first timenucleic acid vaccines have been shown to stimulate citrullination. Thereare no reports of tumours citrullinating any epitopes presented on MHCmolecules.

In addition to showing that that encoding epitopes within antibody-DNAgives higher frequency and higher avidity responses, the inventors havealso shown herein that citrullinated peptides can stimulate T cellresponses. Citrullinated vim 28-49 peptides stimulated predominantly Th1responses which recognised modified epitopes although there was somecross reaction against wild type peptides. Wild type vim 28-49 peptidestimulated Th1 responses against both wild type and modified epitopes.When cancer patients were stimulated with either peptide, 2/11 respondedto the unmodified epitopes and 5/11 to citrullinated vim 28-49. Hill etal. [50] have previously shown that a modified citrullinated vim 65-77epitope that substitutes A for L at position 33 binds more strongly toHLA-DR4 than the unmodified epitope. However, this is a syntheticantigen and it has been shown in DR4 transgenic mice that the naturalvim 65-77 epitope even if it is citrullinated does not induce immuneresponses [34]. In contrast we have shown in HLA-DR4 mice, thecitrullinated vim 28-49 and vim 65-77 peptides stimulated Th1 responsesthat predominantly recognised the modified epitope, whereas the wildtype epitope was a poor immunogen. Further analysis confirmed that theseresponses were mediated by CD4 T cells. Citrullinated vim65-77 alsostimulated responses in HLA-A2.DR1 transgenic mice. However furtheranalysis revealed that this was a CD8 response and the specific epitopewas RLcitSSVPGV. This is the first citrullinated CD8 epitope described.

Unexpectedly, we have shown in cancer patients, 4/9 patients respondedto vim 65-77 and 4/9 to citrullinated vim 65-77 but only two of thesepatients responded to both peptides. As with DNA immunisation, miceimmunised with citrullinated vim 415-433 peptide stimulated responsesthat were specific to the modified epitopes whereas the wild typeepitope failed to stimulate a response. Furthermore, citrullinated vim415-433 peptide stimulated a very strong IL-17 response. In contrast, incancer patients, 8/11 responded to the wild type epitope whereas only5/11 responded to citrullinated vim 415-433. This suggests that both theunmodified and the modified epitopes can stimulate T cell responses inpatients and that these T cells responses do not always cross react.This is also the first demonstration that cancer patients can respond tocitrullinated epitopes, which was previously thought to be restricted toRA patients.

Modified peptides and DNA encoding such peptides can stimulate immuneresponses to modified epitopes, and these modified epitopes areexpressed by target tumour cells. Citrullinated vimentin is present ininflammatory macrophages [58, 59] and is observed duringcalcium-ionophore induced apoptosis of human and mouse macrophages.Macrophages express PAD both at the RNA and the protein level [60] andcitrullinated vimentin is expressed in vitro in macrophage-like cellsafter ionophore-induced Ca²⁺ influx [27, 58]. However, normally thecytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration (approximately 10⁻⁷ M) is too low foractivity of the PAD enzyme. The minimum Ca²⁺ concentration required forPAD activity is approximately 100-fold higher than the normal cytosolicCa²⁺ concentration. As these ionophores and the concomitant Ca²⁺ influxcause apoptosis, it was suggested that citrullination of vimentin isassociated with apoptosis. Indeed, citrulline plays an important role inpreparing intracellular proteins for degradation during apoptosis.Vimentin has been shown to be citrullinated in macrophages undergoingapoptosis, and antibodies to citrullinated vimentin shown to begenerated in the event of improper disposal of apoptotic material [27].Such studies suggest an important role for post-translationalmodifications in regulating vimentin's function especially givenmodifications appear cell and tissue-specific. However, if PADs are onlyactivated in apoptotic tumour cells, then citrullinated proteins wouldbe poor targets as these cells are already dying. However, the inventorshave shown that T cells recognising modified epitopes make potentanti-tumour responses, suggesting that viable tumour cells like APCs canrelease locally high intracellular calcium levels resulting incitrullination of target proteins. Furthermore, the T cells induced bycitrullinated vim 415-433 and vim 28-49 induce CD4 T cells that canrecognise and kill tumour cells in the context of MHC class II andepitope expression but not normal cells.

Although citrullinated vim 415-433 was shown to stimulate T cellresponses whereas the unmodified epitope did not, this could have beenrelated to the two amino acids difference between human and mouse vim415-433. Mice were therefore screened for responses against the mouseepitope. Mice immunised with citrullinated human vimentin recognisedmouse vimentin. Furthermore, like the human epitope this was a Th1/Th17response. Previously, the induction of Th1 or Th17 responses has beenshown to be heavily influenced by immune adjuvants that create thecorrect cytokine milieu for the appropriate responses. IFNγ and IL-12trigger the differentiation of Th1 cells. Th1 cells produce IFNγ, IL-2,TNF and GM-CSF and stimulate, for instance, the activation of CD8⁺ Tcells. In contrast, Th2 cells are differentiated by IL-4. They secreteIL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and assist B cells in antibody production anddownregulate pro-inflammatory responses induced by Th1 cells. TGFβ,IL-1, IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 trigger the differentiation of Th17 cells.They produce IL-17 and IL-6. CD4⁺ T cells differentiate into iTreg inthe absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines but high concentrations ofTGFβ (see FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings). These cells secrete TGFβand IL-10, and are characterised by the transcription factor forkheadbox p3 (Foxp3). They control and counteract immune responses by othereffector T cells, and are involved in the prevention ofautoimmunity[61].

Citrullinated vim 415-433 peptide was therefore immunised with a varietyof adjuvants or indeed with no adjuvant. Immunostimulatory adjuvantssuch as CpG/MPLA and GMCSF both stimulated Th1/Th17 responses and wererequired, as there was no response in the absence of adjuvant. Inertadjuvants such as Alum and Incomplete Freund's adjuvant caused inductionof predominantly IL-10 responses similar to immunisation with wild typevim 415-433 peptide which also induced an IL-10 response, suggesting theinduction of an iTreg response. In contrast, combination ofcitrullinated vim 415-433 peptide with an optimal adjuvant induced anIFNγ/IL-17 response, suggesting a Th17 response. This is the firstillustration that T cell epitopes can determine T helper celldifferentiation.

As mice responded with a strong Th1/Th17 response to a singleimmunisation with citrullinated vim 415-433 peptide, this may havereflected a boost to a natural Treg response. However, depletion ofnatural Tregs failed to influence the frequency or avidity of thecitrullinated vim 415-433 immune response, suggesting that this wasunlikely. It may have been that the wild type vim 415-433 epitopepresented in situ had stimulated an iTreg response, characterised byproduction of IL-10. Indeed, mice immunised with citrullinated vim415-433 peptide made IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 responses whereas miceimmunised with unmodified epitope only stimulated an IL-10 response.Unmodified vim 415-433 peptide also stimulated IL-10 responses in cancerpatients. Anti-CTLA-4 mabs can block the interaction of CTLA-4 with itscognate receptor CD80/86, thus preventing the inhibition of T cellsinduced by this ligand. Immunisation of mice with citrullinated vim415-433 peptide in the presence of an anti-CTLA-4 mab significantlyincreased the avidity of the T cell response from 10⁻⁶ M to 10⁻⁸ M.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a modified epitope which stimulates an IL-10 immune reactionagainst self-antigens, and/or a nucleic acid encoding such an epitope,for use in medicine, the epitope having a modification selected fromdeimination of arginine to citrulline, nitration of tyrosine, oxidationof tryptophan and deamination of glutamine or asparagine. According to afurther aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method formodulating T helper cell differentiation, comprising contacting a Thelper cell with an epitope and/or nucleic acid as defined herein andoptionally an adjuvant. A yet further aspect of the invention providesan epitope and/or nucleic acid as defined herein and optionally anadjuvant for use in a method of modulating T helper celldifferentiation. A yet further aspect of the invention provides the useof an epitope and/or nucleic acid as defined herein and optionally anadjuvant in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating T helper celldifferentiation. Epitopes useful in these aspects of the invention maybe an epitope as defined in the first aspect of the invention, and/ormay be a modified epitope which stimulates an IL-10 immune reactionagainst self-antigens, the epitope having a modification selected fromdeimination of arginine to citrulline, nitration of tyrosine, oxidationof tryptophan and deamination of glutamine or asparagine. The adjuvantmay be incomplete Freund's adjuvant, CpG, MPLA, GMCSF and completeFreund's adjuvant.

Epitopes and/or nucleic acids useful in the invention can be used todirect T helper cell differentiation to stimulate an immune response. Assuch, they can be used in conjunction with vaccines to increase theefficacy of such vaccines. As demonstrated by the inventors,citrullinated vim 415-433 peptide induced an IFNγ/IL-17 response,suggesting a Th17 response. This is in contrast to the normal responsefor vim 415-433 and other self-epitopes, which cause T helper celldifferentiation into iTreg cells.

Alternatively, epitopes and/or nucleic acids useful in the invention canbe used to direct T helper cell differentiation to suppress an immuneresponse. Citrullinated ING4 gives rise to an IL-10 response, suggestingan iTreg response and suppression of an immune response. Such epitopescan be used in the treatment of diseases where immune suppression isdesirable, such as autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease(GVHD). Examples of autoimmune diseases include Alopecia Areata,Anklosing Spondylitis, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Autoimmune Addison'sDisease, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Autoimmune Hepatitis, AutoimmuneInner Ear Disease, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS),Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ATP), Behcet's Disease, BullousPemphigoid, Cardiomyopathy, Celiac Sprue-Dermatitis, Chronic FatigueSyndrome Immune, Deficiency Syndrome (CFIDS), Chronic InflammatoryDemyelinating Polyneuropathy, Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Cold AgglutininDisease, CREST Syndrome, Crohn's Disease, Dego's Disease,Dermatomyositis, Dermatomyositis—Juvenile, Discoid Lupus, EssentialMixed Cryoglobulinemia, Fibromyalgia—Fibromyositis, Grave's Disease,Guillain-Barre, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP), IgA Nephropathy, InsulinDependent Diabetes (Type I), Juvenile Arthritis, Lupus, Meniere'sDisease, Mixed connective Tissue Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, MyastheniaGravis, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Pernicious Anemia, Polyarteritis Nodosa,Polychondritis, Polyglancular Syndromes, Polymyalgia Rheumatica,Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis, Primary Agammaglobulinemia, PrimaryBiliary Cirrhosis, Psoriasis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Reiter's Syndrome,Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma,Sjogren's Syndrome, Stiff-Man Syndrome, Takayasu Arteritis, TemporalArteritis/Giant Cell Arteritis, Ulcerative Colitis, Uveitis, Vasculitis,Vitiligo and Wegener's Granulomatosis.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of predicting survival in colorectal cancer,comprising determining the level of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)in a colorectal cancer cell. 94% of tumours express PAD4. Tumour cellsthat lose expression of PAD4 indicate a poor prognosis and suggest areduced survival. Thus, if a colorectal cancer shows little or noexpression of PAD4, then the patient has a poor prognosis. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, this may be related to lack ofcitrullinated epitopes which can be recognised and by killed by T cells.Thus, the tumour evades immune monitoring. Conversely, if the tumourexpresses PAD4, then targets are deiminated, tumour growth is controlledby the immune response and the patient has a better prognosis.

The level of PAD4 can be determined by using an antibody or otherimmunoassay to measure the amount of the PAD4 protein in the cell.Alternatively, the level of PAD4 mRNA can be measured by in situhybridisation. Those of skill in the art are aware of suitablealternative techniques for determining the level of mRNA, as well asalternative techniques for determining the level of a protein.

90% of colorectal tumours expressed vimentin, it being mainly found instromal and infiltrating cells. In 15% of cells, some epithelial cellswere also stained and in 12% of tumours greater than 75% of all cellswere stained. Only 6% of colorectal tumours failed to stain with a PAD4specific mAb. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed there was acorrelation with PAD4 intensity and survival. In a multivariate model,TNM stage (p=<0.0001), vascular invasion (p=<0.0001) and PAD4 expression(p=0.004) were independent predictors of patient survival, suggestingthat PAD4 could be a useful prognostic marker in colorectal cancer.There was a correlation between expression of PAD4 and BCL2 (p=0.01),β-catenin (p=0.001), number of CD8 T cells (p=0.006), MUC1 (p=0.000),CEA (p=0.000), CD59 (p=0.038) and vimentin (p=0.000) suggesting that allthese may be targets for modified proteins.

In experiments carried out by the inventors, 89% of ovarian tumoursstained strongly for vimentin and only 4% failed to stain with ananti-PAD4 antibody. Furthermore, 82% also expressed citrulline,suggesting that the enzyme was active. Expression of PAD4 correlatedwith the stress related proteins RAET1E and ULBP1, suggesting activationof this enzyme when cells are stressed. There was also a strongcorrelation with vimentin, suggesting that citrullinated vimentin is agood target in ovarian cancer. HMGB1 was expressed by 87% of tumours andalso correlated with expression of vimentin.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of predicting survival in ovarian cancer, comprisingdetermining the level of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and/orHigh-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in an ovarian cancer cell. 91% oftumours express PAD2. Tumour cells that lose expression of PAD2 indicatea poor prognosis and suggest a reduced survival. Thus, if an ovariancancer shows little or no expression of PAD2, then the patient has apoor prognosis. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this may berelated to lack of citrullinated epitopes which can be recognised and bykilled by T cells. Thus, the tumour evades immune monitoring.Conversely, if the tumour expresses PAD2, then targets are deiminated,tumour growth is controlled by the immune response and the patient has abetter prognosis.

In experiments carried out by the inventors 16% of ovarian tumoursstained strongly for PAD2. Furthermore 91% also express citrulline.Expression of PAD2 correlated with HMGB1 expression suggesting anassociation with autophagy and with MHC expression suggesting a linkwith immune responses.

87% of tumours express HMGB1. Tumour cells that lose expression of HMGB1indicate a better prognosis and suggest an increased survival. Tumourswith high levels of HMGB1 had strong autophagy which is a powerfulsurvival mechanism and correlated with a poor prognosis. Thus, if anovarian cancer shows little or no expression of HMGB1, then the patienthas a good prognosis, low levels a better prognosis and high expressiona bad prognosis.

The level of HMGB1 can be determined by using an antibody or otherimmunoassay to measure the amount of the HMGB1 protein in the cell.Alternatively, the level of HMGB1 mRNA can be measured by in situhybridisation. Those of skill in the art are aware of suitablealternative techniques for determining the level of mRNA, as well asalternative techniques for determining the level of a protein.

87% of ovarian tumours expressed HMGB1, it being mainly found in nucleiand cytoplasm. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed there was acorrelation with HMBG1 levels and survival (p=0.001). In a multivariatemodel, TNM stage (p=<0.0001), tumour type (p=0.031) response tochemotherapy (p=<0.001) and loss of HMGB1 (p=0.002) were independentpredictors of patient survival, suggesting that HMGB1 could be a usefulprognostic marker in ovarian cancer.

In patients who showed high HMGB1 and low PAD2 expression, 219 of 310patients (70%) had the worst median survival of 50 months, and patientswith low HMGB1 and low PAD2 displayed the better survival, with 41 of310 patients (13%) having a median survival time of 101 months. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, this may be related to lack ofcitrullinated epitopes and lack of autophagy the tumour evades immunemonitoring and has a poor survival ability.

In mammals, five PAD isotypes, each encoded by a distinct gene, havebeen identified [60]. All these enzymes rely strongly on the presence ofCa²⁺ for activity. All isotypes of PAD display extensive mutual sequencehomologies. The most noticeable difference between the isotypes is theirtissue-specific expression. All isotypes can citrullinate most proteinswith accessible arginines in vitro [62], although certain proteins arecitrullinated more rapidly than others by individual PADs [63]. Peptidestudies indicate that certain amino acids flanking arginine residuesinfluence its susceptibility to citrullination [20].

All these enzymes rely strongly on the presence of Ca²⁺ for activity.All isotypes of PAD display extensive mutual sequence homologies. Themost noticeable difference between the isotypes is their tissue-specificexpression. All isotypes can citrullinate most proteins with accessiblearginines in vitro [62], although certain proteins are citrullinatedmore rapidly than others by individual PADs [63]. Peptide studiesindicate that certain amino acids flanking arginine residues influenceits susceptibility to citrullination [20].

The most widely expressed PAD isotype, PAD2, is present in manydifferent tissues, like skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, secretory glandsand macrophages. Despite this broad expression pattern, only myelinbinding protein (MBP) in the central nervous system, where physiologicalcitrullination is important in ensuring electrical insulation of themyelin sheaths, and vimentin have been identified as natural substrates.In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS,the myelin sheath is destroyed and patients make autoimmune responses tocitrullinated MBP. In healthy adults, 18% of MBP is citrullinatedwhereas in MS over 45% is citrullinated, leading to increased unfoldingand degradation.

PAD1 is mainly expressed in epidermis and uterus and, during terminaldifferentiation of keratinocytes, keratins (K1 and K10) and the keratinassociated protein filaggrin are citrullinated. In generalcitrullination decreases the charge on proteins, leading to atrialunfolding, reduced flexibility and cornification of the epidermis.Psorasis is caused by aberrant citrullination in psoratic epidermis byPAD1. PAD3 is restricted to hair/wool follicles where its naturalsubstrate is trichohyalin which is a major structural protein of innerroot sheath cells of hair follicles. PAD6 is expressed by egg cells andthe embryo.

Inflammatory leukocytes including synovial T and B cells, macrophages,neutrophils, as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes express two PADisoforms, 2 and 4 [27, 64]. Unlike other PADs, which are all mainlylocalised in the cytoplasm of cells, PAD4 is localised in the nucleus.The nuclear localisation signal of PAD4 was found in the N-terminalregion of the protein. PAD4 is mainly expressed in peripheral bloodgranulocytes and monocytes. PAD4 is also expressed by many tumourtissues including adenocarcinomas [65]. Immunohistochemistry alsodetected co-localisation of PAD4 with cytokeratin and Western blottingdetected citrulline signals in cytokeratin extracted from tumours. Inaddition, cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, cytokeratin 19 following invitro citrullination resisted digestion by caspases. This could confer agrowth advantage to the tumours. Citrulline-containing protein was notdetectable in peripheral leucocytes even through these cells exhibitedstrong expression of PAD4. It has been suggested that the concentrationof calcium is a key factor in activation of PAD4 and consequentcitrullination. In addition, citrullination of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)synovium mainly occurred in its extracellular deposits, whilstcitrullinated protein has been located inside tumour cells.Citrullination of histones can alter gene expression within tumours andcitrullination of ING4 inhibits its association with p53 leading toinactivation of this potent tumour suppressor gene [66].

The invention also includes within its scope polypeptides having theamino acid sequence as set out above and/or in Table 3, 8, 9 or 10 andsequences having substantial identity thereto, for example, 70%, 80%,85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity thereto, as well as their use in medicineand in particular in a method for treating cancer. The percent identityof two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences isgenerally determined by aligning the sequences for optimal comparisonpurposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the first sequence for bestalignment with the second sequence) and comparing the amino acidresidues or nucleotides at corresponding positions. The “best alignment”is an alignment of two sequences that results in the highest percentidentity. The percent identity is determined by comparing the number ofidentical amino acid residues or nucleotides within the sequences (i.e.,% identity=number of identical positions/total number of positions×100).

The determination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a mathematical algorithm known to those of skill inthe art. An example of a mathematical algorithm for comparing twosequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul modified as in [67].The NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul, et al. have incorporatedsuch an algorithm [68]. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed withthe NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotidesequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLASTprotein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50,wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a proteinmolecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparisonpurposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in [69].Alternatively, PSI-Blast can be used to perform an iterated search thatdetects distant relationships between molecules. When utilizing BLAST,Gapped BLAST, and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters of therespective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Another example of a mathematical algorithmutilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers andMiller [70]. The ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCGsequence alignment software package has incorporated such an algorithm.Other algorithms for sequence analysis known in the art include ADVANCEand ADAM as described in [71] and FASTA described in [72]. Within FASTA,ktup is a control option that sets the sensitivity and speed of thesearch.

As used herein, the term “treatment” includes any regime that canbenefit a human or non-human animal. The polypeptide or nucleic acid maybe employed in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orcarriers. Such carriers may include, but are not limited to, saline,buffered saline, dextrose, liposomes, water, glycerol, ethanol andcombinations thereof.

Peptides useful in the invention may be synthesised using Fmoc chemistryor other standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.

It is envisaged that injections will be the primary route fortherapeutic administration of the compositions of the invention althoughdelivery through a catheter or other surgical tubing may also be used.Some suitable routes of administration include intravenous,subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal and intramuscularadministration. Liquid formulations may be utilised after reconstitutionfrom powder formulations.

For intravenous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, theactive ingredient will be in the form of a parentally acceptable aqueoussolution which is pyrogen-free, has suitable pH, is isotonic andmaintains stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able toprepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such assodium chloride injection, Ringer's Injection or Lactated Ringer'sInjection. Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/orother additives may be included, as required.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet,capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carriersuch as gelatin or an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositionsgenerally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal orvegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological salinesolution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such asethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may beincluded. Where the formulation is a liquid it may be, for example, aphysiologic salt solution containing non-phosphate buffer at pH 6.8-7.6,or a lyophilised powder.

The composition may be administered in a localised manner to a tumoursite or other desired site or may be delivered in a manner in which ittargets tumour or other cells.

The compositions are preferably administered to an individual in a“therapeutically effective amount”, this being sufficient to showbenefit to the individual. The actual amount administered, and rate andtime-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity ofwhat is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions ondosage etc, is within the responsibility of general practitioners andother medical doctors, and typically takes account of the disorder to betreated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery,the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners.The compositions of the invention are particularly relevant to thetreatment of cancer, and in the prevention of the recurrence of suchconditions after initial treatment or surgery. Examples of thetechniques and protocols mentioned above can be found in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences [73]. A composition may be administered alone orin combination with other treatments, either simultaneously orsequentially dependent upon the condition to be treated. Other cancertreatments include other monoclonal antibodies, other chemotherapeuticagents, other radiotherapy techniques or other immuno therapy known inthe art. One particular application of the compositions of the inventionis as an adjunct to surgery, i.e. to help to reduce the risk of cancerreoccurring after a tumour is removed. The compositions of the presentinvention may be generated wholly or partly by chemical synthesis. Thecomposition can be readily prepared according to well-established,standard liquid or, preferably, solid-phase peptide synthesis methods,general descriptions of which are broadly available (see, for example,in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2^(nd) edition [74], in The Practiceof Peptide Synthesis [75] and Applied Biosystems 430A Users Manual, ABIInc.,) or they may be prepared in solution, by the liquid phase methodor by any combination of solid-phase, liquid phase and solutionchemistry, e.g. by first completing the respective peptide portion andthen, if desired and appropriate, after removal of any protecting groupsbeing present, by introduction of the residue X by reaction of therespective carbonic or sulfonic acid or a reactive derivative thereof.

Another convenient way of producing a composition according to thepresent invention is to express the nucleic acid encoding it, by use ofnucleic acid in an expression system.

The present invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid encodinga composition of the present invention. In a preferred aspect, thepresent invention provides a nucleic acid which codes for a compositionof the invention as defined above. The skilled person will be able todetermine substitutions, deletions and/or additions to such nucleicacids which will still provide a composition of the present invention.The nucleic acid may be DNA, cDNA, or RNA such as mRNA obtained bycloning or produced by chemical synthesis. For therapeutic use, thenucleic acid is preferably in a form capable of being expressed in thesubject to be treated. The polypeptide useful in the present inventionor the nucleic acid of the present invention may be provided as anisolate, in isolated and/or purified form, or free or substantially freeof material with which it is naturally associated. In the case of anucleic acid, it may be free or substantially free of nucleic acidflanking the gene in the human genome, except possibly one or moreregulatory sequence(s) for expression. Nucleic acid may be wholly orpartially synthetic and may include genomic DNA, cDNA or RNA. Wherenucleic acid according to the invention includes RNA, reference to thesequence shown should be construed as reference to the RNA equivalent,with U substituted for T.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide useful in the presentinvention can be readily prepared by the skilled person, for exampleusing the information and references contained herein and techniquesknown in the art (for example, see [76, 77]), given the nucleic acidsequences and clones available. These techniques include (i) the use ofthe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify samples of such nucleicacid, e.g. from genomic sources, (ii) chemical synthesis, or (iii)preparing cDNA sequences. DNA encoding the polypeptide may be generatedand used in any suitable way known to those of skill in the art,including by taking encoding DNA, identifying suitable restrictionenzyme recognition sites either side of the portion to be expressed, andcutting out said portion from the DNA. The portion may then be operablylinked to a suitable promoter in a standard commercially-availableexpression system. Another recombinant approach is to amplify therelevant portion of the DNA with suitable PCR primers. Modifications tothe sequences can be made, e.g. using site directed mutagenesis, to leadto the expression of modified peptide or to take account of codonpreferences in the host cells used to express the nucleic acid.

The present invention also provides constructs in the form of plasmids,vectors, transcription or expression cassettes which comprise at leastone nucleic acid as described above. The present invention also providesa recombinant host cell which comprises one or more constructs as above.As mentioned, a nucleic acid encoding a composition of the inventionforms an aspect of the present invention, as does a method of productionof the composition which method comprises expression from encodingnucleic acid. Expression may conveniently be achieved by culturing underappropriate conditions recombinant host cells containing the nucleicacid. Following production by expression, a composition may be isolatedand/or purified using any suitable technique, then used as appropriate.

Systems for cloning and expression of a polypeptide in a variety ofdifferent host cells are well known. Suitable host cells includebacteria, mammalian cells, yeast and baculovirus systems. Mammalian celllines available in the art for expression of a heterologous polypeptideinclude Chinese hamster ovary cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidneycells, NSO mouse melanoma cells and many others. A common, preferredbacterial host is E. coli. The expression of antibodies and antibodyfragments in prokaryotic cells such as E. coli is well established inthe art. For a review, see for example [78]. Expression in eukaryoticcells in culture is also available to those skilled in the art as anoption for production of a specific binding member, see for recentreview, for example [79, 80].

Suitable vectors can be chosen or constructed, containing appropriateregulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminatorsequences, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genesand other sequences as appropriate. Vectors may be plasmids, viral e.g.‘phage, or phagemid, as appropriate. For further details see, forexample, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual [76]. Many knowntechniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for examplein preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing,introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis ofproteins, are described in detail in Short Protocols in MolecularBiology [77].

Thus, a further aspect of the present invention provides a host cell,which may be isolated, containing nucleic acid as disclosed herein. Astill further aspect provides a method comprising introducing suchnucleic acid into a host cell. The introduction may employ any availabletechnique. For eukaryotic cells, suitable techniques may include calciumphosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, liposome-mediatedtransfection and transduction using retrovirus or other virus, e.g.vaccinia or, for insect cells, baculovirus. For bacterial cells,suitable techniques may include calcium chloride transformation,electroporation and transfection using bacteriophage. The introductionmay be followed by causing or allowing expression from the nucleic acid,e.g. by culturing host cells under conditions for expression of thegene.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid of the invention is integrated intothe genome (e.g. chromosome) of the host cell. Integration may bepromoted by inclusion of sequences which promote recombination with thegenome, in accordance with standard techniques.

The present invention also provides a method which comprises using aconstruct as stated above in an expression system in order to express apolypeptide as described above. Preferred features of each aspect of theinvention are as for each of the other aspects mutatis mutandis. Theprior art documents mentioned herein are incorporated to the fullestextent permitted by law.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be described further with reference tothe following examples and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1: Enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline within proteinsis catalyzed by PAD.

FIG. 2: Amino acid sequence of human vimentin.

FIG. 3: Relevant phenotypic changes defining theepithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process, themesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Figure taken from [81].

FIG. 4: Subpopulations of CD4⁺ T cells. The main populations of CD4⁺ Tcells being Th1, Th2 and Th17 as well as iTregs. Treg control theresponses of immune effector cells. Figure taken from Kaufmann [61].

FIG. 5: CD4 T cell responses to helper epitopes encoded within AntibodyDNA.HLA-DR4 or HLA-DR1 transgenic mice were immunised with an antibodyDNA construct containing the helper epitopes in CDRL1 or CDRH3 via genegun. All mice were immunised three times on days 0, 7 and 14. Responsesspecific for the helper epitope were analysed ex vivo at day 20 by IFNγElispot assay against relevant helper peptide and an irrelevant control.Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 6: Vimentin 28-49 helper epitope inserted into the CDRH3 site ofthe huIgG1 antibody DNA double expression vector is processed,citrullinated and presented in vivo. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice wereimmunised with the antibody DNA construct via gene gun once a week for 3consecutive weeks. On day 19, splenocytes were analysed in vitro againstvimentin 28-49 wild type and citrullinated peptides at 5 μMconcentration by (i) IFN gamma (ii) IL-17 and (iii) IL-2 elispot.

FIG. 7: Vimentin 415-433 helper epitope inserted into the CDRH3 site ofthe huIgG1 antibody DNA double expression vector is processed,citrullinated and presented in vivo. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice wereimmunised with the antibody DNA construct via gene gun once a week for 3consecutive weeks. On day 19, splenocytes were analysed in vitro againstvimentin human 415-433 wild type and citrullinated peptides at 5 μMconcentration by (i) IFN gamma (ii) IL-17 and (iii) IL-2 elispot.

FIG. 8: CD4 responses in DR1 mice elicited by immunisation with anantibody DNA construct encoding the MMP-7 helper epitope.

HLA-DR1 transgenic mice were immunised with an antibody DNA huIgG1construct containing the MMP-7 247 helper epitope in CDRL1 via gene gun.All mice were immunised three times on days 0, 7 and 14. Responsesspecific for the helper epitope were analysed ex vivo at day 20 againstboth MMP7 human 247 wild type and citrullinated peptides by (i) IFNγ(n=14) (ii) IL-17 (n=14) elispot assays. Responses are measured asspots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 9: NYESO1 119-143 CD4 epitope encoded within an antibody DNAstimulates CD4 responses that are accompanied by an anti-tumourresponse.

HHDII/DR1 transgenic mice were injected on day 0 with 2.5×10⁴ B16 HHDIINYESO-1 cells. Mice were immunised at day 3, 10 and 17 with antibody DNAhuIgG1 DNA containing the helper epitope NYESO-1 119-143 in the CDRL1site via gene gun. (i) Responses specific for the helper epitope wereanalysed ex vivo at day 20 by IFNγ Elispot assay against the wild type,citrullinated NYESO-1 119-143 helper peptides and an irrelevant control.Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes. (ii) Survival ofanimals immunised with NYESO-1 antibody DNA alone or with homsperaadjuvant or with homspera alone.

FIG. 10: Vimentin 28-49 and 415-433 epitopes are processed,citrullinated and presented in vivo from a whole antigen DNA construct.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with a DNA construct encodingmurine vimentin via gene gun or Vim 28-49 and 415-433 citrullinatedpeptides in CpG/MPLA s.c. once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. On day19, splenocytes were analysed in vitro against vimentin 28-49 and415-433 wild type and citrullinated peptides at 5 μM concentration byIFN gamma elispot assay.

FIG. 11: Comparison of CD4 responses in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice elicitedfrom immunisation with the human wild type and citrullinated vimentin28-49 peptides. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg ofvimentin 28-49 human wild type or citrullinated peptides at day 0. Onday 14, splenocytes were analysed in vitro against (a) vimentin human28-49 wild type and citrullinated peptides at 5 μM concentration by (i)IFNγ (ii)IL-17 (iii)IL-2 (iv) IL-10 elispot assays, (b) Avidity of citepitope specific responses by measuring responses to increasing peptideconcentration in IFNγ and IL-17 elispot assays, (c) vimentin 28-49triple, double and single citrullinated peptides at 5 μM concentrationby IFNγ elispot assay. Responses are measured as average spots/millionsplenocytes.

FIG. 12: Binding of vim 28-49, 415-433, vim 415-433 cit and vim 28-49cit peptides to HLA-DR0401 in a competitive binding assay. Peptides weremixed with a predetermined concentration of biotinylated peptide fromInfluenza (HA₃₀₆₋₃₁₈) and then assayed for binding to purifiedHLA-DR0401. Unlabelled HA₃₀₆₋₃₁₈ peptide was used as positive control.

FIG. 13: Comparison of CD4 responses in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice elicitedfrom immunisation with the human wild type and citrullinated vimentin415 peptides. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg ofvimentin 415 human wild type or citrullinated peptides at day 0. On day14, splenocytes were analysed in vitro (a) against vimentin human 415wild type and citrullinated peptides at 5 μM concentration by (i) IFNγ(ii) IL-17 (iii) IL-2 (iv) IL-10 elispot assays. (b) Avidity of epitopespecific responses by measuring responses to increasing peptideconcentration in IFNγ and IL-17 elispot assays. Responses are measuredas average spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 14: CD4 responses in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice elicited fromimmunisation with the human citrullinated vimentin 415 peptide and crossreactivity with the murine citrullinated peptide equivalent.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg of vimentin 415-433human citrullinated peptide at day 0. On day 14, splenocytes wereanalysed in vitro against human and murine vimentin citrullinated 415peptides at 5 μM concentration by (i) IFNγ (ii) IL-17 elispot assays.Responses are measured as average spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 15: Confirming that the T cell responses elicited in HLA-DR4transgenic mice from immunisation with the human citrullinated vimentin415 peptide (a) and citrullinated vimentin 28 peptide (b) are CD4responses. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg of vimentin415-433 human citrullinated peptide at day 0. On day 14, either wholesplenocytes or CD4 depleted splenocytes were analysed in vitro againsthuman vimentin citrullinated 415 or 28 peptides at 5 μM concentration inthe presence or absence of L243 HLA-DR blocking antibody by IFNγ elispotassays. Responses are measured as average spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 16: CD4 responses in HLA-DR4 and HLA-A2/DR1 transgenic miceelicited from immunisation with citrullinated vimentin 65 peptide.

HLA-DR4 (a) or HLA-A2/DR1 (b) transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μgof vimentin 65 citrullinated peptides at day 0. On day 14, splenocyteswere analysed in vitro against vimentin human 65 wild type andcitrullinated peptides at 5 μM concentration by IFNγ, IL-17 or IL-10elispot assays. c) on day 14, whole splenocytes were analysed in vitroagainst human vimentin citrullinated 65 peptides at 5 μM concentrationin the presence or absence of L243 HLA-DR blocking antibody by IFNγelispot assays. Responses are measured as average spots/millionsplenocytes. d) Immunofluorescent staining and FACS analysis ofsplenocytes costained for CD8, IFNγ and TNFα. e) On day 14, splenocyteswere stimulated in vitro with human citrullinated Vimentin 65 peptidepulsed LPS blasts. Six days post stimulation CTL lines were assessed bychromium release assay for ability to lyse T2 or B16HHD tumour cellspulsed with citrullinated human vimentin 65 peptide and T2 cells orB16HHD alone. Responses are measured as % cytotoxicity. P valuesindicated on graph are for the target to effector ratio 100:1)splenocytes from immunised mice were analysed in vitro against minimalpredicted wild type and citrullinated HLA-A2 binding peptides vimentin68 and 65 short as well as vimentin human 65 wild type and citrullinatedpeptides at 5 μM concentration by IFNγ elispot assay. g) splenocytesfrom immunised mice were assayed for responses to Vim 65 and Vim 68 citand wild type peptides and EL4 HHD and B16 tumour target cells by IFNgelispot assay.

FIG. 17: Helper responses generated to murine vimentin 415-433citrullinated peptide in the presence or absence of natural T regulatorycells.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg murine vimentin415-433 citrullinated peptide at day 0. T regulatory cell depletion wascarried out using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (PC61) three daysprior to the immunisation. On day 14, splenocytes were analysed by IFNγelispot assay against titrating concentrations of citrullinated murinevimentin 415 peptide.

FIG. 18: Adjuvants influence the Th1/Th17 balance in response tocitrullinated vimentin 415 and 28 epitopes.

Human citrullinated vimentin 415-433 and 28-49 peptides (25 μg) in Alum,IFA, GMCSF, MPLA and CpG or TMX201 adjuvant was administered s.c.Fourteen days after immunisation splenocytes were analysed for specificresponses to the helper epitope by (i) IFNγ, (ii) IL-17 and (iii) IL-10elispot assays against wild type and citrullinated peptides and anirrelevant control. Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 19: Anti-CTLA-4 mab increases the avidity of the response tocitrullinated vimentin 415 peptide.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised with 25 μg of human citrullinatedvimentin 415 peptide at day 0, 7 and 14. Half of the mice also receivedanti-CTLA-4 mab at days 7 and 14. On day 21, splenocytes were analysedin vitro against (i) citrullinated vimentin 415 at 5 μM concentration byIFNγ elispot assay. (ii) Avidity of epitope specific responses weremeasured to increasing peptide concentration in IFNγ elispot assay.Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 20: Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC's) isolated from patients with cancer to wild type andcitrullinated peptides.

PBMC's of patients were stimulated with 10 μg/ml of (i) wild type andcitrullinated human vimentin 415-433 peptides (ii) wild type andcitrullinated human vimentin 28-49 (iii) wild type and citrullinatedhuman vimentin 65-77 wild type and citrullinated (iv) NYESO-1 119-143peptides cultured for 4, 7 and 11 days. Lymphocyte proliferation wasassessed by ³[H]-thymidine incorporation. Proliferative responses aredepicted as stimulation index (SI). SI was calculated as the ratio ofthe mean cpm of peptide stimulated to the mean cpm of unstimulatedcultures.

FIG. 21: a) Kaplan Meier survival of ovarian patients whose tumourexpress PAD2. b) Kaplan Meier survival of ovarian patients whose tumoursexpress HMGB1 c) Kaplan Meier survival of ovarian patients whose tumoursexpress PAD2 and HMGB1 d) Kaplan Meier survival of colorectal patientswhose tumours express PAD4.

FIG. 22: HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised on days 0, 7 and 14 withcitrullinated human vimentin 415-433 peptide (b) or citrullinated vim28-48 peptide (c) or both (a, d & e) in CPG and MPLA. A, On day 14,splenocytes were analysed in vitro against human vimentin citrullinatedand non citrullinated 415 and 28 peptides at 5 μM concentration andB16DR4 tumour target cells induced into autophagy by serum starvation inpresence or absence of 3-MA or CI-amidine by IFNγ elispot assay. B-E,Supernatant from ex vivo IFNγ elispot assay was analysed for presence ofGranzymeB by elisa.

FIG. 23: In Vitro Killing of Tumour Cells

(ai) HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised on days 0, 7 and 14 withcitrullinated human vimentin 415-433 peptide in CPG and MPLA. On day 19,splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with human citrullinated Vimentin415-433 peptide pulsed blasts. Six days post stimulation CTL lines wereassessed by chromium release assay for ability to lyse DR4 splenocytespulsed with citrullinated human Vimentin 415-433 peptide, T2 DR4 tumourcells pulsed with citrullinated human vimentin 415-433 peptide and T2DR4 cells alone. Responses are measured as % cytotoxicity. P valuesindicated on graph are for the target to effector ratio 10:1. P valuesfor 20:1 and 40:1 are all highly significant P<0.0001. (aii) HHD/DR1transgenic mice were immunised on days 0, 7 and 14 with citrullinatedhuman vimentin 28-49 peptide in CPG and MPLA. On day 19, splenocyteswere stimulated in vitro with human citrullinated vimentin 28-49 peptidepulsed blasts. Six days post stimulation CTL lines were assessed bychromium release assay for ability to lyse T2 DR1 tumour cells pulsedwith citrullinated human vimentin 28-49 peptide, T2 DR1 cells alone andT2 cells alone. Responses are measured as % cytotoxicity. P valuesindicated on the graph are significant and for the target to effectorratio 12.5:1.

P values for 25:1 (T2DR1 P=0.0017, T2 DR1+vim28 cit P<0.0001) and 50:1(T2DR1 P=0.0008, T2 DR1+vim28 cit P=0.0005) are all highly significant.

FIG. 24: Citrullinated Vimentin 415-433 and vim 28-49 CD4 responsesinfluences anti-tumour immune responses.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were injected on day 0 with 2.5×10⁴ B16F1-DR4cells. (a) Mice were immunised via gene gun at days 4, 11 and 18 withcontrol antibody DNA or the antibody DNA vaccine encoding the HLA-DR4restricted vim415 helper epitope in CDRH3 or With murine citrullinatedvimentin 415-433 peptide (25 μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvant administereds.c. (i) (b) Mice were immunised via gene gun at days 4, 11 and 18 withcontrol antibody DNA or the antibody DNA vaccine encoding the HLA-DR4restricted vim28 helper epitope in CDRH3 or with citrullinated orwildtype vimentin 28-49 peptide (25 μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvantadministered s.c. (c) Mice were immunised with citrullinated vimentin415-433 peptide (25 μg) or vimentin 28-49 peptide (25 μg) or both in CpGand MPLA adjuvant administered s.c. (d) Mice were immunised withcitrullinated vimentin 415-433 peptide (25 μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvantadministered s.c. in combination with anti-CD4 antibody (clone GK1.5).(e) Mice were immunised with citrullinated vimentin 28-49 peptide (25μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvant administered s.c. in combination withanti-CD4 antibody (clone GK1.5).

FIG. 25: Citrullinated Vimentin 415-433 and vimentin 28-49 anti-tumourimmune responses are mediated in part by IFNγ and IL-17.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were injected on day 0 with 2.5×10⁴ B16F1-DR4cells. Mice were immunised sc with (a and c) citrullinated vimentin415-433 peptide (25 μg) or (b and d) citrullinated vimentin 28-49peptide (25 μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvant in the presence or absence ofIFNγ neutralising monoclonal antibody (a and b) or IL-17 neutralisingantibody (c and d).

FIG. 26: Citrullinated Vimentin 415-433 but not vimentin 28-49anti-tumour immune responses are mediated in part by direct recognitionof HLA-DR0401 on the tumour cells.

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were injected on day 0 with 2.5×10⁴ B16F1 cells(a) or B16F1-DR4 cells (b). Mice were immunised sc with (a)citrullinated vimentin 415-433 peptide (25 μg) or vimentin 28-49 peptide(25 μg) or both in CpG and MPLA adjuvant. (b) vimentin 415-433 peptide(25 μg) in CpG and MPLA adjuvant in the presence or absence ofHLA-DR0401 neutralising monoclonal antibody.

FIG. 27: Homology of Vimentin within different species.

FIG. 28: Screening vimentin for novel epitopes that stimulate T cellsresponses. Human citrullinated vimentin peptides (3×10 μg) in MPLA andCPG adjuvant were administered s.c. Fourteen days after immunisationsplenocytes were analysed for specific responses to the helper epitopesby (i) IFNγ and (ii) IL-17 elispot assays against helper peptide and anirrelevant control in a) HLA-A2/DR1 and b) C57/B1 mice. C) citrullinatedvim 14 peptide in MPLA and CpG adjuvant was administered s.c. Fourteendays after immunisation splenocytes were analysed for specific responsesto the helper epitope by IFNγ elispot. Responses are measured asspots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 29: Screening cytokeratin 8 for novel epitopes that stimulate Tcells responses. Human citrullinated cytokeratin peptides (3×10 μg) inMPLA and CPG adjuvant were administered s.c. Fourteen days afterimmunisation splenocytes were analysed for specific responses to thehelper epitopes by (i) IFNγ and (ii) IL-17 elispot assays against helperpeptide and an irrelevant control in a) HLA-A2/DR1 and b) C57/B1 mice.Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 30: Wild type vimentin stimulates iTreg cells responses thatsecrete IL-10. Human 415 vimentin peptide (25 μg) in MPLA and CPGadjuvant was administered s.c. Fourteen days after immunisationsplenocytes were analysed for specific responses to the helper epitopesby (i) IFNγ, (ii) IL-17 and (iii) IL-10 elispot assays against helperpeptide and an irrelevant control in HLA-DR4 mice. Responses aremeasured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 31: Citrullinated ING4 stimulates CD4 responses.

Citrullinated ING4 peptide 158-174 peptide (25 μg) in MPLA and CPGadjuvant was administered s.c on days 0, 7 and 14. Seven days after thelast immunisation splenocytes were analysed for specific responses tothe helper epitopes by IFNγ elispot assays against helper peptide in thepresence or absence of an HLA-DR blocking monoclonal antibody inHLA-A2/DR1 mice. Responses are measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 32: Uniprot references for proteins from which epitopes useful inthe present invention can be derived.

FIG. 33: Whole antigen vimentin DNA induces citrullinated vimentinspecific T cell responses. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice (a) or HLA-A2/DR1transgenic mice (b) were immunised with 1 μg DNA encoding whole murinevimentin sequence via gene gun on days 0, 7 and 14. On day 20splenocytes were analysed for IFNγ responses to a panel of citrullinatedvimentin peptides spanning the whole protein by elispot assay. Responsesare measured as spots/million splenocytes.

FIG. 34: Screening of predicted peptides for citrulline specific immuneresponses. Predicted citrullinated peptides (25 μg) from BiP, HSP90 andING4 were administered s.c. in CpG and MPLA adjuvant at days 0 or 0, 7and 14 into HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Splenocytes were analysed forimmune responses at day 14 or 20 by IFNg elispot assay against relevantcitrullinated and unmodified peptides (5 uM) and background control.Responses are measured as average spots/million splenocytes.

METHODS

2.1. Commercial mAbs

The primary rabbit anti-human Vimentin (clone EPR3776), rabbitanti-human PAD2 (clone pab0197), rabbit anti-human citrulline (cloneab6464) were all purchased from Abcam. The primary rabbit anti-humanPAD-4 (clone pab 0199) was obtained from Covalab and the anti-humanHLA-DR PE-Cy7 conjugated antibody (clone L243) from eBioscience.Anti-CD25 antibody (clone PC61), anti-IFNγ antibody (clone XMG1.2),anti-IL-17 (clone 17F3) antibody and anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5) antibodywere purchased from BioXcell. Anti-CTLA4 antibody was purified fromHB304 hybridoma cells culture supernant (ATCC, USA) by sephorose proteinG affinity chromatography. Anti-HLA-DR antibody (clone L243) waspurified from HB-55 hybridoma cells (ATCC, USA) culture supernatant bysepharose protein G affinity chromatography. Rabbit mAb anti HMGB1(clone D3E5) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology.

2.2. Cell Lines

The T cell/B cell hybrid cell line T2 [80] stably transfected withfunctional class II DR4 (DRB1*0401; T2 DR4) or DR1 (DRB1*0101; T2DR1)have been described [82, 83] and was kindly provided by Dr. Janice Blumand Professor Lawrence Stern. The murine melanoma B16F1 and B16F10 celllines were obtained from the ATCC. All cell lines were cultured in RPMImedium 1640 (GIBCO/BRL) supplemented with 10% FCS, L-glutamine (2 mM)and sodium bicarbonate buffered unless otherwise stated. HB304 hybridomacells were cultured in Hybridoma SFM (Invitrogen, UK).

To generate tumour targets presenting citrullinated epitopes for invitro assays cells were treated with 0.1M citric acid (pH3.0) containing1% BSA at 4° C. for 2 mins. Cells were subsequently washed with mediaand cultured in absence of serum for 20 hrs at 37° C. Autophagy and PADinhibitors, 3-methyladenine (Sigma) and CI-amidine (Calbiochem), wereadded for the 20 hr culture in serum free media at final concentrationsof 10 mM and 50 μg/ml respectively.

2.3. Immunogens

2.3.1. Peptides

Peptides >90% purity were synthesized by Peptide Synthetics (Fareham,UK). Stored lyophilized in 0.2 mg aliquots at −80° C. On day of use theywere reconstituted to the appropriate concentration in 10% dimethylformamide.

2.4. Plasmids

Generation of antibody DNA constructs have been described in detailelsewhere [84]. In brief to generate the antibody DNA constructs,epitopes were incorporated into complementary determining regions of theheavy and light variable regions of the antibody chains using standardmolecular biological techniques. The HLA-DR4 restricted helper CD4epitopes from the epitopes tyrosinase 448-462 (DYSYLQDSDPDSFQD) (SEQ IDNO: 89), the murine and human gp100 44-59 epitope (WNRQLYPEWTEVQGSN (SEQID NO: 90)/WNRQLYPEWTEAQRLD) (SEQ ID NO: 91) and the I-Ab restrictedepitope from HepB nucleoprotein 128-140 (TPPAYRPPNAPIL) (SEQ ID NO: 92)were inserted in replacement of CDRL1 of the kappa chain. Similarly theHLA-DR1 restricted helper CD4 epitopes from the epitopes MMPI 247-262(SQDDIKGQKLYGKRS) (SEQ ID NO: 93), SSX2 33-48 (KEEWEKMKASEKIFY) (SEQ IDNO: 94), NYESO-1 87-111 (LLEFYLAMPFATPMEAELARRSLAQ) (SEQ ID NO: 95) and119-143 (PGVLLKEFTVSGNILTIRLTAADHR) (SEQ ID NO: 4) were incorporatedinto CDRL1 while the modified epitope from epitope triosephosphateisomerise 23-37 (GELIGILNAAKVPAD) (SEQ ID NO: 96) was inserted inreplacement of CDRL3 of the kappa chain. The HLA-DR4 restricted CD4vimentin 415-433 (LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL) (SEQ ID NO: 97) and HLA-DR1 28-49(RSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS) (SEQ ID NO: 98) restricted epitopes were bothincorporated into CDRH3. The DR1 CD4 NYESO-187-111(LLEFYLAMPFATPMEAELARRSLAQ) (SEQ ID NO: 95) was also encodedwithin the extended sequence 83-111 cloned into the CDRH3 site of theantibody DNA double expression vector. The human IgG1 and murine IgG2aImmunoBody vectors containing all three vimentin epitopes were alsogenerated. The HLA-DR1 28-49(RSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS) (SEQ ID NO: 98),65-77 (SAVRLRSSVPGVR) (SEQ ID NO: 59) and the HLA-DR4 restricted humanCD4 vimentin 415-433(LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL) (SEQ ID NO: 97) epitopes wereincorporated into the CDRH1, CDRH2 and CDRH3 sites respectively.

The plasmid pVax1 Murine Vimentin full length was generated byamplification of the full length sequence using as a template cDNA frommRNA that had been isolated from the B16F1 cell line. Forward andreverse primers utilised were designed to incorporate a HindIII andBamHI site respectively. On amplification and confirmation of wild typesequence full length murine vimentin was incorporated into theHindIII/BamHI sites of the multiple cloning site within the mammalianexpression vector pVaxI (Invitrogen).

To generate the plasmid pVitro 2 Chimeric HLA-DR401 cDNA was generatedfrom mRNA isolated from the splenocytes of transgenic HLA-DR4 mice. Thiswas used as a template to amplify the chimeric alpha and beta chainsseparately using forward and reverse primers that incorporated afspI/EcoRI and BamHI/SalI sites respectively. On sequence confirmationfull length chimeric alpha chain comprising of murine H2-Ea with humanHLA-DRA alpha 1 domain was ligated into the fspI/EcoRI mcs2 of thevector pVITRO2-hygro-mcs (Invivogen). The beta chain comprising ofmurine H2-Eb with human DRB1*0401 Beta 1 domain was then inserted intothe BamHI/SalI mcs1 of the vector alongside the chimeric alpha chain.

To generate the HHD plasmid cDNA was synthesized from total RNA isolatedfrom EL4-HHD cells. This was used as a template to amplify HHD using theforward and reverse primers and subcloned into pCR2.1. The HHD chain,comprising of a human HLA-A2 leader, the human B2 microglobulin moleculecovalently linked via a glycine serine linker to the the α 1 and 2domains of human HLA-0201 MHC class 1 molecule and the α3, transmembraneand cytoplasmic domains of the murine H-2Db class 1 molecule, was theninserted into the EcoRV/HindIII sites of the mammalian expression vectorpCDNA3.1 obtained from invitrogen.

To construct the mammalian double expression plasmid that encodes murineTap2 and NYESO-1 full length chains, NYESO-1 was amplified from theIMAGE clones 40146393 obtained from geneservice with forward and reverseprimers that incorporated a BamH1/XhoI site respectively. On sequenceconfirmation full length NYESO-1 was ligated into the BamHI/XhoImultiple cloning site of the antibody DNA double expression vector inreplacement of the light chain. Murine Tap2 was amplified from the imageclone 6530488 after removal of a HindIII site from encoding sequence andincorporation of this site before the start codon, and cloned into theexpression vector pOrigHIB using HindIII/EcoRV. Murine Tap2 was thentransferred in replacement of the heavy chain using HindIII/AvrII intothe double expression vector alongside full length NYESO-1.

In order to knockdown expression of murine B2 microglobulin and murineMHC class II in the cell line B16F10 RNA interference was utilized.Complimentary oligos that target sequence 266 of murineB2 microglobulinand 159 of murine MHC class II were annealed and inserted separatelyinto pCDNA6.2 GW miR (Invitrogen). The pre-miRNA expression cassettecontaining miRNA 266 was excised using BamHI/XhoI and ligated into theXhoI/BgIII site of pCDNA6.2 GW miR 159 in order to chain the two miRNA'sand express them in one primary transcript within the same vector.

Endotoxin free plasmid DNA was generated using the endofree Qiagenmaxiprep kit (Qiagen, Crawley).

2.5. Transfection

B16F10 cells were transfected successively using Lipofectaminetransfection reagent with expression vectors encoding full lengthNY-ESO-land Murine Tap2, HHDII and a siRNA to knockdown expression ofmurine MHC class II and murine β2 microglobulin. Transfected cells wereselected by growth in the presence of Zeocin (300 μg/ml), G418 (500μg/ml) and Blasticidin (4 μg/ml) respectively. Lines were cloned bylimiting dilution and expression was confirmed by flow cytometry.

B16F1 cells were transfected using the Lipofectamine transfectionreagent (Invitrogen) with 4 μg of the plasmid pVitro 2 ChimericHLA-DR401 that encodes both full length chimeric alpha and beta chainsaccording to the manufacturer's instructions. Transfected cells wereselected by growth in the presence of Hygromycin B (200 μg/ml). Lineswere cloned by limiting dilution and expression was confirmed by flowcytometry using the anti-human HLA-DR PE-Cy7 conjugated antibody (cloneL243) from eBioscience.

2.6 HLADR0401 Binding Studies

In brief, peptides of interest were mixed with a predeterminedconcentration biotinylated HA₃₀₆₋₃₁₈ reference peptide at increasingconcentrations and added to plate bound HLA DR0401. Amounts ofbiotinylated reference peptide binding to HLA DR0401 was quantifiedusing streptavidin linked enzyme step followed by detection withchromogenic substrate. Maximal binding is taken as the value achieved bybiotinylated HA₃₀₆₋₃₁₈ peptide alone. As a positive control unlabelledHA₃₀₆₋₃₁₈ peptide was used to compete with the biotinylated version.

2.7. Immunisations

2.7.1. Immunisation protocol

C57BL/6 mice (Charles River, UK), HLA-DR4 mice (Taconic, USA), HHDIImice (Pasteur institute, France) and HHDII/DR1 mice (Pasteur institute,France) were used, aged between 8 and 12 weeks, and cared for by thestaff at Nottingham Trent University. All work was carried out under aHome Office project licence. Peptides were dissolved in 10%Dimethylformamide to 1 mg/ml and then emulsified (a series of dilutions)with different adjuvants: CpG and MPLA 6 μg/mouse of each (Invivogen,UK), Incomplete Freund's 50 μl/mouse (Sigma, UK), and GMCSF 10 μg/mouse(Peprotech, UK). Peptides (25 μg/mouse) were injected subcutaneously atthe base of the tail. DNA (1 μg/mouse) was coated onto 1.0 μm goldparticles (BioRad, Hemel Hempstead, UK) using the manufacturer'sinstructions and administered intradermally by genegun (BioRad).Homspera (10 nM/mouse) (PeptideSynthetics, UK) was injectedintradermally with genegun immunisation. Mice were immunized at eitherday 0 for peptide immunisation or days, 0, 7, and 14 for peptide andgenegun immunisation. Spleens were removed for analysis at day 14 forpeptide and day 20 for peptide or genegun immunisation unless statedotherwise. 400 μg Anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) was administered i.p. insaline 3 days prior to the immunisation. 200 μg Anti-CTLA-4 antibody(UC10-4F10-11) was administered i.p. in saline at day 7 and 14 witheither genegun or peptide immunisation.

For tumour challenge experiments mice were challenged with 2.5×10⁴ B16HHDII NYESO/TAP2 siβ2m 1F10 cells or B16 DR4 2E7 cells subcutaneously onthe right flank 3 days prior to primary immunisation and then wereimmunised as above. Anti-IFNγ antibody (300 μg/dose), anti-IL-17antibody (200 μg/dose) and anti-HLA-DR antibody (300 μg/dose) wereadministered i.p. in saline at days 2, 7, 11 and 14 post tumour implant.Anti-CD4 antibody (500 μg/dose) was administered i.p.in saline at days 2and 8 post tumour implant. Tumour growth was monitored at 3-4 daysintervals and mice were humanely euthanized once tumour reached ≥10 mmin diameter.

2.8. Analysis of Immune Response

2.8.1. Ex Vivo Elispot Assay

Elispot assays were performed using murine IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 captureand detection reagents according to the manufacturer's instructions(Mabtech, Sweden). In brief, anti-IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 antibodies werecoated onto wells of 96-well Immobilin-P plate. Synthetic peptides (at avariety of concentrations) and 5×10⁵ per well splenocytes were added tothe wells of the plate in triplicate. Tumour target cells were addedwhere relevant at 5×10⁴/well in triplicate and plates incubated for 40hrs at 37° C. After incubation, captured IFNγ, IL-2, IL-17 and IL-10were detected by biotinylated anti-IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 antibodies anddeveloped with a strepatavidin alkaline phosphatase and chromogenicsubstrate. Spots were analysed and counted using an automated platereader (Cellular Technologies Ltd). Functional avidity was calculated asthe concentration mediating 50% maximal effector function using a graphof effector function versus peptide concentration.

2.8.2 Ex Vivo Depletion of CD8 and CD4 Cells from Splenocyte Cultures

Splenocytes were subject to positive isolation of CD4 or CD8 cells usingantibody coated magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotech) according tomanufacturer's instructions. For MHC class II blocking studies 20 μg/mlanti-HLA-DR (clone L243) antibody was added to elispot assays.

2.8.3 Granzyme B Elisa

Supernatant from ex vivo IFNγ elispot assays on splenocytes was removedafter 40 hrs and assessed for Granzyme B by elisa assay (R&D systems)according to manufacturer's instructions.

2.8.4 Luminex Multiplexed Assay

A three-step indirect procedure was used for the multiplexed Luminexassay (Invitrogen) for IgG antibodies to IL-10, IL-17, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2& IL-4. Standard, control, and unknown sera were diluted 1:2 in 50%assay diluent buffer (Invitrogen) & 50% serum free RPMI. Serial standarddilutions were included in each assay. Each dilution of standard,control, and unknown sera was mixed with a set of coupled Luminexmicrospheres in 96-well filtration plates (Millipore Multiscreen;Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass.) and incubated for 2 hours at roomtemperature with shaking. Microspheres were collected by vacuumfiltration and washed with PBST. Biotinylated detector antibody wasadded to each well for 1 hour at room temperature with shaking.Microspheres were collected by vacuum filtration and washed with PBST.Streptavidin conjugated R-phycoerythrin-was added to each well.Following a 30 min incubation and a wash step, microspheres wereresuspended in PBST, and read in a Biorad BioPlex Luminex analyzerequipped with an XY platform. Data acquisition and analysis performedwith Luminex software (BioPlex Systems).

2.8.5 Proliferation Assay

PBMC were isolated from freshly drawn heparinised blood by Ficol-Hypaque(Sigma) gradient centrifugation. PBMC (1.5×10⁶ cells/well) werestimulated with single peptides (final concentration 10 μg/ml) in RPMIcontaining 5% pooled autologous human serum, 2 mM glutamine, 20 mM HEPESand Penicillin-streptomycin (1%) in a final volume of 2 ml. Stimulationwith purified protein derivative, PPD (final concentration 10 μg/ml)served as a positive control for the proliferative capacity of PBMC. Asa negative control PBMC were incubated with medium alone. The PBMC werecultured at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ for 4, 7 and 11 days. Toassess proliferation at these times points 100 μl in triplicate fromeach culture was aliquoted into a round bottom well of a 96 well plateand ³H-thymidine added (0.0185 MBq/well) and incubated at 37° C. for afurther 8 hours. The cultures were harvested onto unifilter plates andincorporation of ³H-thymidine was determined by n-scintillationcounting. The results were assessed by calculating the stimulation index(SI) as the ratio of the mean of counts per minute (cpm) ofepitope-stimulated to the mean of unstimulated cultures. Theproliferative assay was considered positive when SI>2.5.

2.8.6 ⁵¹Cr-Release Assay

Target cells were labelled for 1 hr with 1.85 MBq sodium (⁵¹Cr) chromate(Amersham, Essex, UK) with or without 10 μg/ml peptide. Post incubationthey were washed 3 times in RPMI. Targets 5×10³/well of a 96-wellV-bottomed plates were set up and co incubated with different densitiesof effector cells in a final volume of 200 μl of RPMI, 10% FCS (Sigma),20 mM HEPES buffer, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100μg/ml streptomycin. After 20 hrs at 37° C., 50 μl of supernatants wereremoved from each well and transferred to a Lumaplate (Packard, Rigaweg,the Netherlands). Plates were read on a Topcount MicroplateScintillation Counter (Packard). Percentage specific lysis wascalculated using the following formula: specific lysis=100×[(experimental release-spontaneous release)/(maximum release-spontaneousrelease)]

2.9 Immunohistochemical Analysis

Tissue array sections were first deparaffinised with xylene, rehydratedthrough graded alcohol and immersed in methanol containing 0.3% hydrogenperoxide for 20 mins to block endogenous peroxidase activity. In orderto retrieve antigenicity, sections were immersed in 500 ml of pH6.0citrate buffer and heated for 20 mins on the 6^(th) sense setting of amicrowave. Endogenous avidin/biotin binding was blocked using anavidin/biotin blocking kit (Vector Labs). In order to block non-specificbinding of the primary antibody, all sections were then treated with 100μl of ⅕ normal horse serum (NHS) in PBS for 15 mins. Test sections wereincubated with 100 μl of primary antibody diluted in PBS for 1 hr at 22°C. or overnight at 4° C. Positive control tissue comprised wholesections of colorectal cancer tissue stained with β2-microglobulin at1/1000 dilution (in PBS; Dako). The primary antibody was omitted fromthe negative control, which was left incubating in NHS. After washingwith PBS, all sections were incubated with 100 μl of biotinylated goatanti-mouse/rabbit immunoglobulin (Dako) diluted 1:100 in NHS, for 30mins. Sections were washed again in PBS and incubated with 100 μl ofpre-formed streptavidin-biotin/HRP complex (Dako) for 60 mins at roomtemperature (RT). Subsequently, visualisation of epitope expression wasachieved using DAB. Finally, sections were lightly counterstained withhaematoxylin (Dako), dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in xylene(GentaMedica, York, UK) and mounted with distyrene, plasticizer andxylene (DPX; BDH).

Evaluation of staining: In order to allow permanent storage of theslides, they were imaged at ×20 using a NanoZoomer 2.0 slide imagingsystem (Hamamatsu, Higashi-ku, Japan). Expression of markers on thetissue was analysed using the images in the NanoZoomer Digital PathologyVirtual Slide Viewer (Hamamatsu). Screening of marker expression wasperformed concurrently by two investigators with previous experience ofscoring, blinded to the clinical information. For H score, cores werebriefly analysed and representative cores of negative, weak, moderateand strong cores were used as guides for the whole tissue micro-array(TMA). As well as the intensity of the staining, the percentage ofpositively stained tumour cells was estimated. The two scores were thencombined to form the H score, where H=percentage cells stained Xintensity (range=0-300). Using the NanoZoomer Slide Viewer, the area ofboth tumour and stroma were measured and number of positive cells ineach area counted. A value of positive cells per mm² was thencalculated.

2.9.1. Colorectal Tumour TMA

Antisera were screened for tumour binding on a gastric cancer TMA.Patient study and design: The study population comprised a series of 462consecutive patients undergoing elective surgical resection of ahistologically proven sporadic primary colorectal cancer at theUniversity Hospital, Nottingham, UK (Table 1). These patients weretreated between 1 Jan. 1994 and 31 Dec. 2000; this time period allowedmeaningful assessment of the prognostic markers studied. All patientstreated during this time-frame were considered eligible for inclusion inthe study. Tumours were classified as mucinous carcinoma, when more than50% of tumour volume consisted of mucin.

TABLE 1 Clinicopathological variables for colorectal TMA patient cohort(n = 462) Frequency of total Variable Categories cohort (%) Gender Male266 (58) Female 199 (42) Age (years) Median 72 Range 58-93 Status Alive169 (37) Dead 293 (63) Tumour Grade Well differentiated 29 (6)Moderately differentiated 353 (77) Poorly differentiated 71 (15) Unknown8 (2) Tumour Site Colon 238 (52) Rectum 181 (39) Unknown 43 (9) TNMStage 0 (T_(is)) 3 (1) 1 69 (15) 2 174 (28) 3 155 (33) 4 54 (12) Unknown7 (2) Extramural Negative 224 (48) Vascular Invasion Positive 128 (28)Unknown 110 (24) Histological Type Adenocarcinoma 392 (85) Mucinouscarcinoma 51 (11) Columnar carcinoma 4 (1) Signet ring carcinoma 7 (1)Unknown 8 (2)

Clinicopathology: Only cases where the relevant pathological materialwas unavailable were excluded from the study. Follow-up was calculatedfrom time of resection of the original tumour with all surviving casesbeing censored for data analysis at 31 Dec. 2003, this produced a medianfollow up of 37 months (range 0-116) for all patients and 75 months(range 36-116) for survivors.

A prospectively maintained database was used to record relevantclinicopathological data, with data provided from the UK Office forNational Statistics; this was available in more than 99% of cases. Theinformation collected was independently validated through case notereview of deceased patients. Disease specific survival was used as theprimary end point; however, data was also collected on the various otherrelevant clinical and histopathological parameters these are summarisedin Table 2.3. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of FOLFOX was reservedfor those patients with positive lymph nodes, although, surgical andadjuvant treatment was at the discretion of the supervising physician.Prior ethical review of the study was conducted by the Nottingham LocalResearch and Ethics Committee, who granted approval for the study.

Construction of the array blocks incorporated a wide spectrum ofelectively resected colorectal tumours and was found to be broadlyrepresentative of the colorectal cancer population in the UK. 266 (58%)patients were male and 196 (42%) female. The median age at the time ofsurgery was 72 years, consistent with a median age at diagnosis ofcolorectal cancer of 70-74 years in the UK [85]. 69 (15%) tumoursarrayed were tumour, node metastasis (TNM) stage 1, 174 (38%) stage 2,155 (34%) stage 3 and 54 (11%) stage 4; there were 3 cases of in-situdisease. These figures are comparable with national figures fordistribution of stage 1-4 at diagnosis of 11, 35, 26 and 29%respectively [85]. The majority of tumours (392, 85%) wereadenocarcinomas, and were most frequently of a moderate histologicalgrade (353, 77%). 128 (28%) tumours were noted to have histologicalevidence of extramural vascular invasion, 224 (48%) had no evidence ofvascular invasion, and this information was not available in 110 (24%)cases. At the time of censoring for data analysis 228 (49%) patients haddied from their disease, 64 (14%) were deceased from all other causes,and 169 (37%) were alive. The median five-year disease-specific survivalfor the cohort was 58 months, comparable with the national average ofapproximately 45% five-year survival for colorectal cancer in the UK[86].

2.9.2. Ovarian Cancer TMA

Antisera were screened for tumour binding on an ovarian cancer TMA. Theovarian cancer TMA represents a cohort of 362 patients with primaryovarian cancer treated at Nottingham University Hospitals between 2000and 2007. Staging of the cancers was performed using the InternationalFederation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FIGO) criteria. All patientsincluded in this study were treated according to the current standardchemotherapy regimens with either single agent carboplatin in 65patients (41.4%) or platinum-based combination chemotherapy in 89patients (56.7%), with 3 patients refusing chemotherapy.Platinum-resistant cases were defined as patients who progressed onfirst-line platinum chemotherapy during treatment or who relapsed within6 months after treatment. All patients underwent surgery; over 44% ofcases (n=69) were deemed to be sub optimally debulked (tumour remaining<1 cm) after initial surgery. Patients were followed-up by physicalexamination, computed tomography, and CA-125 levels. Haematoxylin andeosin-stained sections from the tumours of these patients were reviewedby a gynaepathologist blinded to the clinical data and pathologicaldiagnosis. For each tumour, a review of its type and differentiation wasalso carried out by SD. Clinical data associated with each case wascollected and recorded from the patients' notes or via the hospital'selectronic records (NotIS). Such information included: patients' age atdiagnosis, FIGO stage, extent of surgical cyto-reduction, and the type,duration and response to chemotherapy. Details of adjuvant treatment,disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) weredocumented for all patients. Survival was calculated from the operationdate until 30th of May 2008 when any remaining survivors were censored.Median follow up was 36 months. Ethical approval to collect the samplesand relevant data for the study was granted by the Nottinghamshire LocalResearch Ethics Committee.

2.9.3. Normal Tissue TMA

The normal tissue TMA contained 59 cores representing 38 normal organs.Each core was categorised according to the origin of the sample; normaltissue from a non-cancer patient, normal tissue from a cancer patient,but the cancer involves an unrelated organ, normal tissue adjacent tothe cancer. The tissue type and category is detailed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Details of normal tissue TMA and tissue type Tissue type AgeGender Placenta 29 F Esophagus 23 M Rectum 24 F Gallbladder 24 M Skin 83F Adipose 26 M Heart 27 M Skeletal 26 M Bladder 36 F Ileum 62 M Spleen30 M Brain 68 M Jejunum 56 M Stomach 66 M Breast 27 F Kidney 56 M Testis32 M Cerebellum 73 F Liver 30 M Thymus 28 M Cervix 30 F Lung 24 M Smooth23 M Muscle Colon 28 M Ovary 50 F Tonsil 28 F Diaphram 26 M Pancreas 50M Uterus 40 F Duodenum 24 M Thyroid 26 M

Example 1. CD4 Responses in Wild Type Mice to Self and Foreign Epitopes

T cell responses to tumour associated epitopes are often weak ornon-existent due to tolerance and T cell deletion within the thymus.Nonetheless we screened a variety of self and foreign CD4 epitopes fortheir ability to stimulate helper responses. As previous studies haveshown that antibody DNA constructs gave the strongest immune responses[84], a variety of CD4 foreign and self-epitopes were incorporated intoseparate constructs and screened in wild type mice. Table 3 lists thesequences of all the epitopes and their mouse homologs whereappropriate.

TABLE 3 CD4 epitopes SYMPATHEI SEQUENCE COORDINATE CORE SCORE HLA SelfMurine gp100 WNRQLYPEWTEVQGS 44-59 LYPEWTEV 26 DR4 N (SEQ ID NO: 90)Q (SEQ ID NO: 99) Vimentin 65-77 SAVRLRSSVPGVR 65-77 VRLRSSVP 23 DR1(SEQ ID NO: 59) G (SEQ ID NO: 57) Vimentin RSYVTTSTRTYSLGSA 28-49TYSLGSAL 27/20 DR1 28-49 LRPSTS (SEQ ID NO: R (SEQ ID DR4 98) NO: 100)YVTTSTRT Y (SEQ ID NO: 101) Self in core regions VimentinLPNFSSLNLRETNLDS 415-433 FSSLNLRE 26 DR4 415-433 LPL (SEQ ID NO: 61)T (SEQ ID NO: 60) ING4 AQKKLKLVRTSPEYG 158-174 QKKLKLV 22 DR1 158-174MP (SEQ ID NO: 21) RT (SEQ ID 20 DR4 NO: 20) LKLVRTSP E (SEQ ID NO: 22)KKLKLVR TS (SEQ ID NO: 23) Foreign in core regions Human gp100WNRQLYPEWTEAQ R L 44-59 LYPEWTEA 26 DR4 D (SEQ ID NO: 91) Q (SEQ IDNO: 102) MMP-7 SQDDIKGIQKLYGKRS 247-262 IQKLYGKR 35 DR1 247-262(SEQ ID NO: 2) S (SEQ ID NO: 1) Tyrosinase DYSYLQDSDPDSFQD 448-462YLQDSDPD 22 DR4 (SEQ ID NO: 89) S (SEQ ID NO: 103) mTPI GELIGILNAAKVPAD23-37 IGILNAAKV 36 DR1 (SEQ ID NO: 96) (SEQ ID NO: 104) NYESO-1LLEFYLAMPFATPMEAE 87-111 FYLAMPFA 26/22 DR1 87-111 LA RR SLAQ (SEQ IDT (SEQ ID NO: 95) NO: 105) NYESO-1 PGVLLKEFTVSGNILTI R 119-143 ILTI RLTAA 23/22 DR1 119-143 LTAADH R  (SEQ ID NO: (SEQ ID NO: DR4 4) 5) NILTIR LTA (SEQ ID NO: 106) SSX2 34-48 KEEWEKMKASEKIFY 34-48 WEKMKASE 26 DR1(SEQ ID NO: 94) K (SEQ ID NO: 107) Hepatitis B TPPAY R PPNAPIL (SEQ128-140 Y R PPNAPIL I-Ab Nucleoprotein ID NO: 92) (SEQ ID (helper)NO: 108) Arginine residues are underlined Non homologous residues are initalics

FIG. 5 shows good CD4 responses to most of the foreign CD4 epitopes butnot to self-epitopes. The Hepatitis B nucleoprotein 128-140, CD4 I-Abhelper epitope showed a response by ELISPOT of 50-1,000/millionsplenocytes (mean 382/million splenocytes) in C57B1 mice. The cancertestes epitope NYESO-1 and SSX2 are foreign epitopes in mice and the DR1epitopes NYESO-1 (87-111) and SSX2 (34-48) stimulated good responses inHLA-DR1 transgenic mice; NYESO-1 (87-111) 250-900/million splenocytes(mean 567/million splenocytes) and SSX2 (34-48) 500-1200/millionsplenocytes (mean 765/million splenocytes). The HLA-DR1 mutated TPIepitopes which only differs from the wild type by one amino acid shows aresponse of 300-1300/million splenocytes. The human gp100 HLA-DR4epitope 44-59 has one amino acid change from the homologous mouseepitope and shows responses of 263-1521/million splenocytes (median745/million splenocytes). In contrast, the homologous mouse self-epitopefailed to stimulate a response in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. The humanHLA-DR4 tyrosinase epitope has 6 amino acid changes from the homologousmouse epitope and shows responses of 405-832/million splenocytes (median555/million splenocytes). The HLA-DR1 MMP7 247-262 epitope has 4 aminoacid changes between mice and human, one of which is predicted to be inthe core MHC binding/TCR recognition region (Table 3). This epitopefailed to stimulate a response above background in HLA-DR1 transgenicmice. The HLA-DR4 vimentin 415-433 epitope has two amino aciddifferences between human and mouse but these are not predicted to be inthe core MHC binding/TCR recognition region (Table 3). It failed tostimulate a response in wild type HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. In contrast,vimentin 28-49, is homologous in mice and humans and is a true selfepitope which stimulates a response of 200-500/million splenocytes (mean390/million splenocytes) in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. This response wasintriguing and led us to try and explain why there was nodeletion/tolerance to this epitope.

Example 2. DNA Immunisation Result in Responses to Citrullinated Vim 28,Vim 915, MMP7, and NY-ESO-1

RA patients have been shown to make T cell responses to citrullinatedvimentin epitopes. As APCs can constitutively citrullinate epitopes itwas possible that the antibody DNA constructs were being citrullinatedand this was stimulating the response. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice weretherefore immunised with an antibody-DNA construct encoding the self-vim28 epitope. Stimulated T cells from these mice were screened in vitrofor IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-2 responses to both citrullinated anduncitrullinated vim 28 peptide. FIG. 6 shows that although miceresponded as assayed by ELISPOT to the wild type peptide by productionof all three cytokines (mean: IFNγ 400, IL-17 120 and IL-2 150/millionsplenocytes) responses to the citrullinated peptide were significantlyhigher for IFNγ and IL-17 (mean: IFNγ 1250/million splenocytes;p=0.0046, IL-17 250/million splenocytes; p=0.0392 but not for IL-2250/million splenocytes. To see if similar responses were generated tothe vim 415 epitope antibody, DNA constructs were used to immunise mice(FIG. 7). In contrast to vim 28-49 and in agreement with our originalobservation, there were no responses to wild type vim 415-433 but strongresponses to the citrullinated peptide and the responses to IL-17 wereas strong as the IFNγ responses (mean: IFNγ 400/million splenocytes;p=0.0067, IL-17 350/million splenocytes; p=0.002 and IL-2 250/millionsplenocytes; p=0.0056). This confirms that when the antibody DNA istranslated it is citrullinated.

In contrast, when MMPI 247-262 was incorporated into a DNA vaccine (FIG.8), no IFNγ responses were seen to either the wild type or citrullinatedpeptide but significant IL-17 responses where seen to both wild type(mean: 312/million splenocytes; p=0.0061) and citrullinated peptides(mean: 309/million splenocytes; p=0.0267).

When mice were injected with B16 HHDII NYESO-1 tumour cells and thenimmunised with NYESO-1 119 incorporated into an antibody-DNA vaccine(FIG. 9) with or without the homspera adjuvant, IFNγ responses were onlyseen to the citrullinated but not the wild type peptide and this wasaccompanied by an anti-tumour response.

As antigen presenting cells can constitutively citrullinate epitopes itwas interesting to see if citrullinated self-epitope specific responsescould be induced using full length antigen delivered as a DNA vaccine.HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were therefore immunised with DNA constructencoding the whole murine vimentin antigen. Stimulated T cells fromthese mice were screened in vitro for IFNγ responses to bothcitrullinated and uncitrullinated vim 28-49 and 415-433 peptides. FIG.10 shows that mice immunised with the DNA construct demonstrate IFNγresponses to both citrullinated peptides but not the wild type versions.This confirms that when the DNA is translated it is citrullinated.

These results suggest that epitopes from the antibody-DNA constructs arebeing citrullinated and that the T cells recognising these modifiedpeptides have not been deleted/anergised.

Example 3. Peptide Immunisation Results in Responses to CitrullinatedVim 28, Vim 415 and Vim 65

To determine if this was restricted to DNA vaccines or whether thecitrullinated peptides could also stimulate this repertoire, mice wereimmunised with wild type and citrullinated vim 28-49 and citrullinatedvim 415-433 peptides in combination with CpG and MPLA adjuvants. FIG. 11shows that citrullinated vim 28-49 stimulated strong IFNγ responses(mean 600/million splenocytes; p=0.0037) against the citrullinatedpeptide and weaker responses to the wild type peptide (mean 250/millionsplenocytes; p=0.0175). The wild type peptide stimulated similar IFNγresponses to uncitrullinated (mean 700/million splenocytes; p=0.003) andcitrullinated peptide (mean 1,100/million splenocytes; p=0.0182) andweak IL-17 and IL-2 responses. No significant IL-10 responses areobserved. The avidity of the responses to both IFNγ and IL-17 were 10⁻⁶M. The responses in mice to vim 28-49 is to self as the amino acidsequence is identical in mice and humans suggesting that the T cellrepertoire to this epitope has not been deleted. The response tocitrullinated vim 28-49 is to modified self but the mice can alsorecognise wild type peptide. Previous studies have shown that peptide30-49 citrullinated at positions 36 and 45 can stimulate T cellresponses in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. We noticed that there was afurther arginine at position 28 so we extended this peptide to give28-49 and citrullinated positions 28, 36 and 45 (FIG. 11c ). The triplecitrullinated vim 28-49 peptides gave us a significantly strongerresponse than the vim28-49 peptide citrullinated at positions 36, 45peptide (p=0.02 and p=0.0007 respectively). Vim 28-49 only citrullinatedat position 28 gave a response to the tri-citrullinated peptide and theVim 45 citrullinated peptide. The vim 28 and 36 citrullinated peptidealso responded to the triple. This data demonstrates that the positionof the citrulline makes a difference in the magnitude of the immuneresponse generated for this sequence and suggests that it is the 28position that is most important. However the triple cit peptide inducesresponses with higher cross reactivity to other citrullinated versions.Vim 28-49 tri-citrullinated peptide shows better binding to HLA-DR0401compared to the wild type version as indicated by better competitionwith the HA 306-318 reference peptide in HLA-DR0401 binding assay (FIG.12).

FIG. 13 shows that citrullinated vim 415 stimulated strong IFNγresponses (mean 1000/million splenocytes; p=<0.0001) against thecitrullinated peptide and no responses to the wild type peptide. It alsostimulated strong IL-17 responses (mean 530/million splenocytes;p=<0.0001) against the citrullinated peptide and a weak responses to thewild type peptide (mean 140/million splenocytes; p=0.04). The avidity ofthe responses to both IFNγ and IL-17 were 10⁻⁶M. The IL-2 responses tothe citrullinated epitope were more variable (mean 350/millionsplenocytes; p=0.046) but there was no response to wild type peptide.The wild type vim 415-433 peptide stimulated a weak IL-2 response to thecitrullinated peptides. No significant IL-10 responses were observed.The human vim 415-433 epitope differs from the homologous mouse epitopeby two amino acids which are not predicted to be in the core MHCbinding/TCR recognition region. To test this hypothesis, mice wereimmunised with human vim 415 cit peptide and then screened against mousevim 415 cit. The T cells showed equal responses to both peptides (FIG.14). Vim 415-433 cit and 28-49 cit responses were shown to be CD4mediated by depletion of CD4 cells prior to ex vivo elispot assay oraddition of MHC class II blocking antibody into the elispot culture(FIG. 15). Both vim 28 cit and vim 415 cit were used to immunise C57B1mice and HHD1/DR1 mice but they failed to raise a response in either ofthese stains suggesting that the epitopes are not presented on eitherI-Ab or HLA-DR0101.

FIG. 16a shows that citrullinated vim 65 peptide stimulated IFNγresponses (mean 550/million splenocytes; p=0.0046) in HLA-DR4 miceagainst the citrullinated peptide and no responses to the wild typepeptide. It also stimulated IL-17 responses (mean 550/millionsplenocytes) against the citrullinated peptide and no responses to thewild type peptide. The wild type vim 65-77 peptide stimulated a weakIFNγ and IL-17 response to the wild type and citrullinated peptides. Thevim 65-77 peptide was also tested in HLA-A2/DR1 mice and showed highfrequency IFNγ responses to the citrullinated peptide which demonstratedsome cross reactivity to the wild type peptide (FIG. 16b ). Lowfrequency IL-10 responses were also observed to the citrullinatedpeptide. Blockade of MHC class II does not eliminate the citrullinatedpeptide specific response thus indicating that vim 65-77 specificresponse is MHC class I restricted (FIG. 16c ). This is furtherconfirmed by intracellular cytokine staining which demonstrate thatcells producing IFNγ and TNFa in response to stimulation with the vim65-77 citrullinated peptide are CD8 positive (FIG. 16d ). Vim 65-77 citspecific response also demonstrates cytotoxicity of peptide pulsedHLA-A2 positive target cells (FIG. 16e ) indicating restriction throughHLA-A2. Attempts at mapping the minimal HLA-A2 restricted epitope withinthe vim 65-77 sequence using two 9mer peptides with high predictedHLA-A2 binding reveals the optimal sequence to be in the region of vim68-76 (FIG. 160. Responses specific for the citrullinated 9mer peptidedo not cross react with wild type versions. Analysis of responses totumour target cells reveals good recognition of transgenic HLA-A2engineered EL4 cell line (EL4 HHD) over that of HLA mismatched B16 cellsby Vim 65-77 cit peptide induced responses ex vivo (FIG. 16g ).

Example 4. Determination of Whether CD4 Responses to Self-Epitopes are aNaïve, Memory or Treg Response

The mice made a potent IFNγ and IL-17 response to a single immunisationof human vim 415 cit suggesting that it was boosting a memory or a Tregresponse. To determine if this was a natural Treg response that wasbeing converted to an IFNγ/IL-17 response, mice were depleted of naturalTregs with anti-CD25 mAb and immunised with mouse vim 415 cit. NaturalTreg depletion had no influence on the frequency or the avidity of theresponse suggesting that natural Tregs were not the respondingpopulation (FIG. 17). To determine if this response was also inducedwith other adjuvants mice were immunised with vim 415-433 cit and 28-49cit in either alum, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), GMCSF, MPLA,TMX201, MPLA/TMX201 or CpG/MPLA and screened for the production of IFNγ,IL-17 or IL-10 (FIG. 18). Potent IFNγ/IL-17 responses to vim 415-433 citand 28-49 cit epitopes were induced with CpG/MPLA, GMCSF and TMX201adjuvants, however, no response was seen when the peptides wereadministered in alum or IFA. Immunisation with peptide in IFA inducedhigh frequency IL-10 responses to the citrullinated peptides.

Anti-CTLA-4 mabs can block the interaction of CTLA-4 with its cognatereceptor CD80/86 thus preventing the inhibition of T cells induced bythis ligand. Immunisation of mice with vim 415 cit peptide in thepresence of an anti-CTLA-4 mab significantly increased the avidity ofthe T cell response from 10⁻⁶ M to 10⁻⁸ M (FIG. 19).

Example 5. Cancer Patients Response to Self-Peptides

Nine melanoma patients were screened for their responses to a series ofself-peptides (FIG. 20). Five of eight patients showed a response to vim415 cit at day 4 (1), day 7 (1) or >day 11 (3). Six of eleven patientsresponded to the unmodified vim 415 at >day 10. Only four of thesepatients responded to both modified and unmodified peptide. Two of eightpatients showed a response to vim 28 at day 11 whereas, five patientsresponded to vim 28 cit. The two patients responding to unmodifiedpeptide also recognised modified peptide. Four out of eight patientsresponded to vim 65 and three of eight to vim 65 cit. Only two of thesepatients responded to both modified and unmodified peptide. Eightpatients also showed a response to citrullinated NYESO-1 119-143; six ofthese responses peaked at day 4-7 suggesting a strong or memoryresponses. Eight patients showed a response to unmodified NYESO-1119-143. These patients had a range of HLA types (Table 4). Only one wasHLA-DR4 which suggests that other HLA haplotypes can respond to thesepeptides.

TABLE 4 Haplotypes of cancer patients Pt019 A2 A3 B7 B55 DR7 DR16 Pt020A2 B27 B40 DR3 DR13 Pt021 A3 A25 B44 B35 DR1 DR13 Pt023 A2 A3 B7 B35 DR1DR15 Pt028 A2 A24 B7 B35 DR1 DR13 Pt029 A2 A25 B15 DR15 Pt032 A1 A11 B51B18 DR15 Pt033 B7 DR11 DR15 Pt034 A11 B7 B35 DR1 DR4 Pt035 A29 A30 B50DR1 DR7

Example 6. Expression of PAD Enzymes, Vimentin and Citrulline

Citrullination is carried out by PAD enzymes and in particular the PAD2and PAD4 enzymes. These require high levels of calcium and are usuallyactivated in dead or dying cells. It therefore seemed unlikely thathealthy tumours cells would express citrullinated proteins. Colorectaland ovarian tumours and normal tissues were therefore stained forvimentin, citrullination and expression of the PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes.

Normal Tissues

Expression of vimentin, PAD2, PAD4 and citrulline is shown for normaltissues in Table 5.

Mesenchymal cells such as connective tissue cells, blood cells andneuronal cells all express vimentin as a cytoskeletal protein. Most ofthe cells within spleen, thyroid, testes, cervix, ovary, tonsils,uterus, lung, thymus and breast stained strongly for vimentin. Weakstaining of less than 50% of cells was seen in placenta, rectum, colon,pancreas and the duodenum skeletal and smooth muscle, gall bladder,oesophagus, kidney, liver, bladder, ileum, jejunum, stomach. No stainingwas observed in skin, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, rectum, brain,cerebellum, diaphragm or heart.

The majority of liver cells stained strongly with anti-PAD2 mAb. Themajority of smooth muscle cells and brain cells stained weakly. Overhalf of the cells within the cerebellum, pancreas and testes stainedstrongly with PAD2. Less than 50% of the cells within gall bladder,ileum, jejunum, stomach, and colon stained strongly for PAD2. Whereasoesophagus, rectum, skeletal muscle, bladder, breast, kidney, placenta,heart, diaphragm, duodenum thyroid and lung cells stained less than 50%of their cells weakly. Skin, adipose tissue, spleen, tonsils, thymus,ovary and uterus were negative.

TABLE 5 Expression of Vimentin, PAD2, PAD4 and citrullinated proteins innormal tissues Vimentin PAD-2 PAD-4 Anti-citrulline HMGB1 Intensity AreaIntensity Area Intensity Area Intensity Area Intensity Area Placenta +25- + 25- + 25- − 0% + 75- 50% 50% 50% 100%  Oesophagus +  1- + 25- +25- +/−  1- + 50- 25% 50% 50% 25% 75% Rectum − − + 25- − − +/−  1- −/+25- 50% 25% 50% Gallbladder +  1- ++  1- +  1- +/−  1- + 75- 25% 25% 25%25% 100%  Skin − − − − − − +/− 75- −/+  1- 100%  25% Adipose − − − − − −−  0% −  0% Heart − − + 25- + 50- +/− 75- −/+  1- 50% 75% 100%  25%Skeletal +  1- +  1- − − +/−  1- + 75- Muscle 25% 25% 25% 100% Bladder +  1- +  1- − − +/−  1- + 50- 25% 25% 25% 75% Ileum + 25- ++ 1- +  1- +/−  1- + 50- 50% 25% 25% 25% 75% Spleen ++ 75- − − − − − − +75- 100%  100%  Brain − − + 75- + 75- +/− 75- −/+ 25- 100%  100%  100% 50% Jejunum +  1- ++  1- − − +/− 25- −/+ 25- 25% 25% 50% 50% Stomach + 1- ++ 25- ++  1- − − −/+  0- 25% 50% 25% 25% Breast ++ 50- +  1- +25- + 50- + 25- 75% 25% 50% 75% 50% Kidney +  1- +  1- − − +/− 75- −/+ 1- 25% 25% 100%  25% Testis ++ 75- ++ 50- + 50- + 75- −/+ 25- 100%  75%75% 100%  50% Cerebellum − 0% ++ 50- ++ 75- ++ 75- ++ 75- 75% 100% 100%  100%  Liver +  1- ++ 75- ++ 75- ++ 75- + 75- 25% 100%  100%  100% 100%  Thymus ++ 50- − − − − +  1- + 50- 75% 25% 75% Cervix + 75- +  1- −− − − −/+ 0- 100%  25% 25% Lung + 50- + 25- − − + 75- + 25- 75% 50%100%  50% Smooth +  1- + 75- − − + 75- −/+  0- Muscle 25% 100% 100%  25%Colon ++ 25- ++ 50- ++ 25- + 25- + 50- 50% 75% 50% 50% 75% Ovary + 75- −− − − − − −/+  0- 100%  25% Tonsil ++ 75- − − − − − − + 50- 100%  75%Diaphragm − − +  1- +  1- +  1- −/+  0- 25% 25% 25% 25% Pancreas +  1-++ 50- − − + 75- + 50- 25% 75% 100%  75% Uterus ++ 75- − − − − +  1- −/+ 0- 100%  25% 25% Duodenum ++ 25- + 25- + 25- ++ 50- + 50- 50% 50% 50%75% 75% Thyroid ++ 75- + 25- +  1- ++ 25- −/+ 25- 100%  50% 25% 50% 50%

The majority of liver and cerebellum cells stained strongly withanti-PAD4 mab. The majority of brain and heart cells stained weakly.Less than 50% of the cells within colon and stomach stained strongly forPAD4 whereas less than 50% of the cells within ileum, diaphragm,duodenum, thyroid, testes, breast, gallbladder, oesophagus stainedweakly. Skin, skeletal and smooth muscle, bladder, spleen, jejunum,kidney, liver, cervix, lung, ovary, tonsils, pancreas, uterus, rectum,adipose tissue, thymus and uterus were negative.

Cerebellum and liver stained strongly with anti-citrulline mab. Themajority of skin, heart, kidney lung, pancreas and brain cells stainedweakly. Greater than 50% of duodenum stained strongly and greater than50% of breast and testes cells stained weakly. Less than 50% of thecells within the thymus and colon and jejunum stained weakly. Less than25% of cells within the thymus stained strongly and greater than 25%within oesophagus, rectum, gallbladder, skeletal muscle, bladder, ileum,thymus, tonsil, diaphragm, and uterus stained weakly. Spleen, skin,stomach, ovary, tonsil, adipose tissue, placenta and cervix werenegative for citrulline.

Ovarian Tumours

Ovarian tumours are of mesenchymal origin and would therefore beexpected to express vimentin. PAD4 is expressed weakly by normal ovary.219 ovarian tumours were stained with a vimentin specific mAb. Only9/219 (4%) of tumours failed to stain, a further 16/219 (7%) stainedweakly, whereas 194/219 (89%) stained strongly. Kaplan Meier survivalanalysis showed there was no correlation with vimentin expression andsurvival. There was a weak correlation between expression of vimentinand the stress related protein ULBP1 (p=0.017), PAD4 (p=0.018) andCEA-CAM4 (p=0.033).

219 ovarian tumours were stained with a PAD4 specific mAb (FIG. 23).Only 9/219 (4%) of tumours failed to stain, a further 126/219 (58%)stained weakly whereas 84/219 (38%) stained strongly. Kaplan Meiersurvival analysis showed there was no correlation with PAD4 expressionand survival. There was a weak correlation between expression of PAD4and the stress related proteins RAETIE (p=0.036) and ULBP1 (p=0.016) anda strong correlation with expression of vimentin (p=0.001) and Lewis^(y)(p=0.006).

Although tumours express PAD4 it should only be activated in dyingcells. To assess if this is true ovarian tumours were stained with ananti-citrulline peptide specific mAb. Only 7/228 (3%) of tumours failedto stain, a further 34/228 (15%) stained weakly whereas 187/228 (82%)stained strongly. However, not all of the cells within a tumour stained.In 69/228 (30%) less than 25% of cells stained. 83/228 (36%) stainedbetween 25-50% of cells and, as previously, these were mainly of stromalorigin. In 53/228 (23%) 50-75% of the cells stained including someepithelial cells and in 16/228 (7%) of tumours greater than 75% of cellsstained. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed there was no correlationwith citrulline expression and survival. There was a correlation betweenintensity of expression of citrulline and CEA-CAMS (p=0.037), BCL2(p=0.011) and Lewis^(y) (p=0.053). There was a correlation betweenpercentage of cells expressing citrulline and grade (p=0.034), BCL2(p=0.035), CD59 (p=0.049) and ULBP1 (p=0.044).

360 ovarian tumours were stained for PAD2. 9% could not be evaluated dueto the absence of enough tissue core or no evaluable tumour cells (i.e.all stroma) in the core. Of the 329 evaluable ovarian tumours stainedwith a PAD2 specific mAb, all tumours expressed PAD2. A further 277/329(84%) stained weakly, 52/329 (16%) stained strongly. Kaplan Meier (FIG.21a ) analysis showed there was a correlation with PAD2 expression andsurvival with high expression of PAD2 being protective (p=0.033), Therewas a correlation between expression of PAD2 with MHC (p=0.038)expression and HMGB1 (P=0.008) expression. After multivariate analysisPAD2 remained an independent prognostic factor (p=0.002).

360 ovarian tumours were stained for HMGB1. 10% could not be evaluateddue to the absence of enough tissue core or no evaluable tumour cells(i.e. all stroma) in the core. Of the 316 evaluable Ovarian tumoursstained with a HMGB-1 specific mAb, only 23/360 (7%) tumours failed tostain. A further 42/316 (13%) stained weakly, 52/329 (87%) stainedstrongly. Kaplan Meier (FIG. 21b ) analysis showed there was acorrelation of HMGB1 expression and survival with low expression ofHMGB1 being protective (v0.002). There was a weak correlation betweenexpression of HMGB1 and vimentin (p=0.034). After multivariate analysisHMGB I remained an independent prognostic factor (p=0.02). Tumour stage,tumour type and response to chemotherapy also correlate with patientsurvival. In a multivariate model TNM stage (p=<0.0001), tumour type(p=<0.031), response to chemotherapy (p=<0.0001), and HMGB1 expression(p=0.002) where independent predictors of patient survival.

When tumour cell expression of high and low PAD2 was compared with highand low HMGB1 expression (FIG. 21c ), in patients who showed high HMGB1and low PAD2 expression, 219 of 310 patients (70%) had the worst mediansurvival of 50 months, and patients with low HMGB1 and low PAD2displayed the better survival, with 41 of 310 patients (13%) having amedian survival time of 101 months.

Colorectal Tumours

Colorectal tumours are of epithelial origin and are not expected toexpress vimentin unless they are undergoing epithelial to mesenchymaltransition. Expression of PAD2 and PAD4 was seen in normal colon.

282 colorectal tumours were stained with a vimentin specific mAb. Only25/282 (9%) of tumours failed to stain, a further 4/282 (I %) stainedweakly whereas 253/282 (90%) stained strongly. However not all of thecells within a tumour stained. 114/282 (40%) less than 25% of cellsstained and these were all stromal cells. 68/282 (24%) between 25-50% ofcells stained and again these were mainly of stromal origin. 42/282(15%) 50-75% of the cells stained including some epithelial cells and in33/282 (12%) of tumours greater than 75% of cells stained. Kaplan Meiersurvival analysis showed that there was no correlation with vimentinintensity or percentage of cells stained and survival. There was acorrelation between expression of vimentin and TRAIL R2 (p=0.003), IL-17in tumours (p=0.021), MUC1 p=0.001), PAD2 (p=0.025) and PAD4(p=<0.0001).

296 colorectal tumours were stained with a PAD2 specific mAb (FIG. 26).Only 45/296 (15%) of tumours failed to stain, a further 60/296 (20%)stained weakly whereas 191/296 (65%) stained strongly. However, not allof the cells within a tumour stained. 99/296 (33%) less than 25% ofcells stained. 82/296 (28%) between 25-50% of cells stained and againthese were mainly of stromal origin. 55/296 (19%) 50-75% of the cellsstained and in 15/296 (5%) of tumours greater than 75% of cells stained.Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed there was no correlation with PAD2intensity, or percentage of cells stained and survival. There was acorrelation between expression of PAD2 and CD59 (p=0.006) β-catenin(p=0.005), number of CD8 T cells (p=0.009), MUC1 (p=0.012), vimentin(p=0.038) and PAD4 (p=0.000).

291 colorectal tumours were stained with a PAD4 specific mAb (FIG. 26).Only 18/291 (6%) of tumours failed to stain, a further 158/291 (54%)stained weakly whereas 115/291 (40%) stained strongly. However not allof the cells within a tumour stained. 65/291 (22%) less than 25% ofcells stained. 68/291 (23%) between 25-50% of cells stained and againthese were mainly of stromal origin. 98/291 (34%) 50-75% of the cellsstained and in 42/291 (14%) of tumours greater than 75% of cellsstained. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed there was a correlationwith PAD4 intensity and survival (FIG. 21d , Table 6; p=0.032).

TABLE 6 Means for Survival Time of colorectal cancer patients expressingPAD4. Intensity Mean(a) of staining Estimate Std. Error 95% ConfidenceInterval for PAD4 Lower Bound Upper Bound Lower Bound Upper Bound .0044.813 10.483 24.267 65.358 1.00 74.140 4.262 65.786 82.494 2.00 78.1254.632 69.047 87.203 Overall 74.391 3.104 68.307 80.475 (a)Estimation islimited to the largest survival time if it is censored.

Tumour stage and vascular invasion also correlate with patient survival.In a multivariate model TNM stage (p=<0.0001), vascular invasion(p=<0.0001) and PAD4 expression (p=0.017) where independent predictorsof patient survival.

There was a correlation between expression of PAD4 and BCL2 (p=0.01),β-catenin (p=0.001), number of CD8 T cells (p=0.006), MUC1 (p=0.000),CEA.CAM5 (p=0.000), CD59 (p=0.038) vimentin (p=0.000) and PAD2(p=0.000).

Although tumours express PAD4, it should only be activated in dyingcells. To assess if this is true colorectal tumours were stained with ananti-citrulline peptide specific mAb. All of the tumours stained 41/316(13%) stained weakly whereas 275/316 (87%) stained strongly. KaplanMeier survival analysis showed there was a weak correlation withcitrulline expression and survival (p=0.078). There was a correlationbetween expression of citrulline and radiation therapy (p>0.001).

Example 7. Anti-Tumour Responses to Citrullinated Peptides

Both mice and humans show responses to citrullinated self-peptides andDNA vaccines. However if these epitopes are not citrullinated in tumoursthen T cells will have no anti-tumour activity.

As human tumours express vimentin, PAD2/4 and citrulline the anti-tumourresponse of citrullinated vimentin was assessed in a mouse model.Splenocytes from mice immunised with both citrullinated vimentin 415-433and 28-49 peptides were assessed for ability to respond to B16 tumourcells in vitro. FIG. 22a shows IFNγ release specific for B16 tumourcells expressing HLA-DR4 (B16DR4) that have been induced to undergoautophagy by serum starvation compared to untreated cells orHLA-mismatched cells indicating recognition of tumour cells (p<0.0001).Recognition of the autophagy induced B16DR4 cells significantlydecreases when treated in the presence of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (p<0.0001) or PAD inhibitor CI amidine (p=0.0012). Thus,indicating that this recognition is autophagy and citrullinationdependent. Splenocytes from mice immunised with either citrullinated vim28-49 or vim 415-433 peptides or both demonstrate release of Granzyme B,a marker of cytotoxicity, upon stimulation with Vim 415-433 (p<0.0001)and vim 28-49 (p<0.0001) citrullinated peptides but not the wildtypeversions (FIG. 22b-d ). Granzyme B is also released upon response toserum starved B16DR4 tumour target cells suggesting cytotoxicity oftumour targets presenting the citrullinated epitopes (p=0.014) (FIG. 22e).

Mice immunised with either vim 415 cit or vim 28 cit were assessed fortheir ability to kill T2 tumour cells transfected with human DR4 invitro. FIG. 23a shows that both citrullinated peptides could induce CD4cells that killed transfected targets whether they were pulsed with theappropriate peptide or not. As T2 cells express vimentin this impliesthat these peptides are presented endogenously by the T2 cells. Incontrast, there was no killing of normal splenocytes which also expressvimentin but no PAD enzymes.

HLA/DR4 transgenic mice were implanted with B16 tumours transfected withDR4. They were immunised with vim 415-433 citrullinated peptide or DNAvaccine encoding vim 415-433 sequence and tumour growth was monitored.Mice immunised with either vim 415-433 cit peptide or vim 415-433encoded within a DNA vaccine stimulate strong anti-tumour responses(FIG. 24a ). In unimmunised mice the tumour grew rapidly and all micehad to be sacrificed by day 23. In contrast, 50% of mice immunised withvim 415 cit peptide had no tumour at day 35 and 30% were cured of theirtumour. Immunisation of mice with vim 28-49 citrullinated peptide or aDNA vaccine encoding vim 28-49 sequence show significantly enhancedsurvival over unimmunised control or those immunised with vim 28-49 wildtype peptide (FIG. 24b ). Mice immunised with wild type vim 28-49peptide showed an anti-tumour response that almost reached significance.Immunisation with vim 415-433 and 28-49 citrullinated peptides incombination show even better tumour protection and overall survivalcompared to control (p<0.0001) (FIG. 24c ). These studies show thattumours express citrullinated vimentin which is then a target forcytotoxic CD4 killer T cells. To demonstrate that these anti-tumourresponses are mediated by CD4 T cells mice were treated with anti-CD4antibody to deplete CD4 cells in vivo. Vaccination in combination withCD4 T cell depletion totally abrogates the anti-tumour response mediatedby both Vim 415 cit (p=0.0005) and Vim 28 cit peptides (p=0.0001, FIGS.24d and e ).

Both vim 415-433 and vim 28-49 citrullinated peptides induce highfrequency IFNγ responses. Blockade of IFNγ in vivo abrogates both vim415-433 and vim 28-49 citrullinated peptide specific anti-tumourresponses (FIGS. 25a and b ). Vim 415-433 cit specific responses alsoshow IL-17 responses. Blockade of these in vivo have a low significantinfluence upon in vivo anti-tumour effects (FIG. 25c ). Blockade ofIL-17 also had a small effect significant influence on the vim 28-49 citspecific anti-tumour response in vivo (FIG. 25d ).

To determine the importance of direct tumour recognition by vim 415-433and vim 28-49 cit specific responses mice were challenged with the B16tumour lacking expression of HLA-DR0401 and subsequently immunised withVim 415-433 or vim 28-49 citrullinated peptides. Mice immunised with vim28-49 citrullinated peptides show delayed tumour growth and enhancedsurvival compared to control (FIG. 26a ) suggesting that directrecognition of HLA-DR4 and cognate peptide on tumour cells was notnecessary for the anti-tumour response, but that bystander release ofIFNγ in response to antigen presenting cells expressing cognate peptideand HLA-DR4 within the tumour environment were responsible for theanti-tumour response. In contrast mice immunised with citrullinated vim415-433 failed to show any tumour response in this model suggesting thatdirect recognition of tumour cells expressing HLA-DR4 and cognatepeptide was essential for the anti-tumour response of this epitope. Toconfirm vim 415-433 specific responses are dependent upon direct tumourrecognition, mice challenged with B16 tumour expressing HLA-DR0401, wereimmunised with vim 415-433 citrullinated peptide in combination with ananti-HLA-DR blocking antibody. Blockade of HLA-DR prevents theanti-tumour response (FIG. 26b ).

Example 8. Homology of Vimentin Between Different Species

Vimentin is highly conserved between chicken, mouse, dog sheep, cows,horse, pig and humans (FIG. 27). As the vaccine induces T cell responsesin humans and mice and anti-tumour responses in mice, it can be assumedsimilar responses will be seen in other species.

Example 9. Vimentin Responses Restricted Through Other HLA Haplotypes

HLA-DR4 mice made a potent IFNγ and 1L-17 response to a singleimmunisation of human vim 415 cit peptide. To determine if this or othercitrullinated vimentin epitopes could induce immune responses in otherhaplotypes a range of 20 mer peptides (table 8) covering the whole spanof vimentin and incorporating every arginine replaced with citrullineresidues was screened for IFNγ/IL-17 responses in HLA-DR1 and C57/B1mice (FIG. 28). Mice were immunised with a combination of 3citrullinated vim peptides in combination with CpG and MPLA adjuvantsand then screened for IFNγ and IL-17 responses against each individualpeptide in the combination. FIG. 28a shows that citrullinated vimpeptides 9, 10, 14, 15 and 16 showed significant IFNγ responses (200-350spots/million splenocytes p<0.02) and peptide 10 showed an IL-17response (350 spots/million splenocytes) in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice.FIG. 28b shows that citrullinated vim peptides 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20showed significant IFNγ responses (300-500 spots/million splenocytesp<0.02) and peptides 19 and 20 showed an IL-17 response (˜400spots/million splenocytes, p<0.05) in C57B1/6 mice. Table 7 shows thesequences of these peptides, the position of the citrulline amino acidsand the position within the vimentin protein.

FIG. 28c shows responses in HLA-A2/DR1 mice immunised with vim 14citrullinated peptide.

TABLE 7 Citrullinated vimentin IFNγ/IL-17 responses Amino acidSignificant Significant position response response within in HLA-in C57B1 Antigen sequence Peptide Core regions DR1 mice mice Vimentin 11-19 MSTRSVSSSSYRRMFGGPG − − (SEQ ID NO: 109) Vimentin 2 3-22RSVSSSSYRRMFGGPGTAS − − (SEQ ID NO: 110) Vimentin 3 14-32MFGGPGTASRPSSSRSYVT − − (SEQ ID NO: 111) Vimentin 4 19-33GTASRPSSSRSYVTTSTRT − − (SEQ ID NO: 112) Vimentin 5 26-44SSRSYVTTSTRTYSLGSAL − − (SEQ ID NO: 113) Vimentin 6 36-54RTYSLGSALRPSTSRSLYA − − (SEQ ID NO: 114) Vimentin 7 41-59GSALRPSTSRSLYASSPGG − − (SEQ ID NO: 115) Vimentin 8 55-66SSPGGVYATRSSAVRLRSS − − (SEQ ID NO: 116) Vimentin 9 61-79YATRSSAVRLRSSVPGVRL RSSVPGVRL + − (SEQ ID NO: 65) (SEQ ID NO: 62)SAVRLRSSV (SEQ ID NO: 63) ATRSSAVRL (SEQ ID NO: 64) Vimentin 69-87RLRSSVPGVRLLQDSVDFS RSSVPGVRL + − 10 (SEQ ID NO: 68) (SEQ ID NO: 62)GVRLLQDSV (SEQ ID NO: 67) Vimentin  91-109 AINTEFKNTRTNEKVELQE − − 11(SEQ ID NO: 117) Vimentin 103-121 EKVELQELNDRFANYIDKV − − 12(SEQ ID NO: 118) Vimentin 113-131 RFANYIDKVRFLEQQNKIL − − 13(SEQ ID NO: 119) Vimentin 125-154 EQLKGQGKSRLGDLYEEEM QLKGQGKSR + − 14(SEQ ID NO: 71) (SEQ ID NO: 69) KSRLGDLYE (SEQ ID NO: 70) Vimentin148-166 DLYEEEMRELRRQVDQLTN ELRRQVDQL + − 15 (SEQ ID NO: 74) (SEQ ID NO:72) EMRELRRQV (SEQ ID NO: 73) Vimentin 161-179 VDQLTNDKARVEVERDNLAQLTNDKARV + + 16 (SEQ ID NO: 78) (SEQ ID NO: 75) VEVERDNLA (SEQ ID NO:76) LTNDKARVE (SEQ ID NO: 77) Vimentin 166-184 NDKARVEVERDNLAEDIMREVERDNLAE − + 17 (SEQ ID NO: 80) (SEQ ID NO: 79) Vimentin 176-194DNLAEDIMRLREKLQEEML IMRLREKLQ − + 18 (SEQ ID NO: 82) (SEQ ID NO: 81)Vimentin 187-205 EKLQEEMLQREEAENTLQS QREEAENTL − + 19 (SEQ ID NO: 85)(SEQ ID NO: 83) KLQEEMLQR (SEQ ID NO: 84) Vimentin 198-216EAENTLQSFRQDVDNASLA FRQDVDNAS − + 20 (SEQ ID NO: 88) (SEQ ID NO: 86)ENTLQSFRQ (SEQ ID NO: 87) Vimentin 211-229 DNASLARLDLERKVESLQE − − 21(SEQ ID NO: 120) Vimentin 262-280 KPDLTAALRDVRQQYESVA − − 22(SEQ ID NO: 121) Vimentin 295-312 FADLSEAANRNNDALRQAK − − 23(SEQ ID NO: 122) Vimentin 301-319 AANRNNDALRQAKQESTEY − − 24(SEQ ID NO: 123) Vimentin 311-329 QAKQESTEYRRQVQSLTCE − − 25(SEQ ID NO: 124) Vimentin 334-352 KGTNESLERQMREMEENFA − − 26(SEQ ID NO: 125) Vimentin 355-373 AANYQDTIGRLQDEIQNMK − − 27(SEQ ID NO: 126) Vimentin 370-388 QNMKEEMARHLREYQDLLN − − 28(SEQ ID NO: 127) Vimentin 392-410 ALDIEIATYRKLLEGEESR − − 29(SEQ ID NO: 128) Vimentin 401-419 RKLLEGEESRISLPLPNFS − − 30(SEQ ID NO: 129) Vimentin 415-433 LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL − − 31(SEQ ID NO: 61) Vimentin 431-449 LPLVDTHSKRTLLIKTVET − − 32(SEQ ID NO: 130) Vimentin 441-459 TLLIKTVETRDGQVINETS − − 33(SEQ ID NO: 131) Arginine residues substituted with citrulline areunderlined

Example 10. How to Screen for Citrullinated T Cell Epitopes

Any citrullinated protein that has been described in the literature canbe a potential target for T cells. However, it must first have thecapacity to be presented on MHC class I and/or class II MHC antigens andit must be recognised by a T cell receptor. Antigen presenting cellsconstitutively undergo autophagy and it is within these double membraneautophagosomes that sufficient intracellular Ca²⁺ can accumulate toactive PAD enzymes, citrullinate epitopes which are then presented onMHC antigens. Finally to be an anti-tumour target, tumour cells mustalso induce citrullination within autophagosomes and present the samemodified epitope on MHC antigens. Therefore, to identify citrullinatedepitopes that can still stimulate anti-tumour immunity, it is necessaryto screen target proteins for induction of T cell responses and fortumour recognition.

-   -   a) In vitro T cell proliferation of human peripheral blood by        citrullinated peptides. Human peripheral blood can be stimulated        in vitro as outlined in Example 5. Citrullinated 20mer peptides        spanning the whole protein can be screened for T cell        proliferation. Sorting of CD4 and CD8 T cells can identify CD4        and CD8 epitopes and the HLA restriction can be identified by        HLA typing the donor.    -   b) Stimulate cells from conventional or HLA transgenic mice in        vitro or in vivo with 20 mer citrullinated peptides which span        the whole of a target protein To determine if citrullinated        cytokeratin-8 epitopes could induce immune responses, a range of        20 mer peptides (Table 8) covering the whole span of        cytokeratin-8 and incorporating arginines in the predicted core        binding region replaced with citrulline residues were screened        for IFNγ/IL-17 responses in HLA-DR1 and C57 BI mice (FIG. 29).        Mice were immunised with a combination of 3 citrullinated        cytokeratin 8 peptides in combination with CpG and MPLA        adjuvants and then screened for IFNγ and IL-17 responses against        each individual peptide in the combination. FIG. 28a shows that        citrullinated cytokeratin 8 peptides 1, 2, 3, 13, 16 and 17        showed significant IFNγ responses (200-300 spots/million        splenocytes p<0.02) and peptides 1, 2, 3, 13 and 14 showed an        IL-17 response (250-350 spots/million splenocytes; p<0.02) in        HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. FIG. 29b shows that the cytokeratin 8        peptides did not stimulate a response in C57BI mice.

TABLE 8 Citrullinated cytokeratin IFNγ/IL-17 responses SignificantSignificant response response in HLA- in C57Bl Antigen CoordinatesPeptides Core regions DR1 mice mice Cytokeratin 1 229-247EEEIRELQSQISDTSVVLS (SEQ EIRELQSQI + − ID NO: 7) (SEQ ID NO: 132)Cytokeratin 2 363-382 AKQDMARQLREYQELMNVKL ARQLREYQE + − (SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 133) AKQDMARQL (SEQ ID NO: 134) Cytokeratin 3 360-378LQRAKQDMARQLREYQELM AKQDMARQL + − (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 134)ARQLREYQE (SEQ ID NO: 133) Cytokeratin 4 324-342 LKGQRASLEAAIADAEQRG − −(SEQ ID NO: 135) Cytokeratin 5 239-257 ISDTSVVLSMDNSRSLDMD(SEQ − −ID NO: 136) Cytokeratin 6 137-156 DNMFESYINNLRRQLETLGQ − −(SEQ ID NO: 137) Cytokeratin 7 388-407 IATYRKLLEGEESRLESGMQ − −(SEQ ID NO: 138) Cytokeratin 8 264-281 KAQYEDIANRSRAEAESM (SEQ − −ID NO: 139) Cytokeratin 9 460-478 AVVVKKIETRDGKLVSESS − −(SEQ ID NO: 140) Cytokeratin  99-117 NNKFASFIDKVRFLEQQNK − − 10(SEQ ID NO: 141) Cytokeratin 202-221 EAYMNKVELESRLEGLTDEI − − 11(SEQ ID NO: 142) Cytokeratin 208-226 VELESRLEGLTDEINFLRQ (SEQ − − 12ID NO: 143) Cytokeratin 29-44 PGSRISSSSFSRVGSS (SEQ ID ISSSSFSRV + − 13NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 12) Cytokeratin 13-30 STSGPRAFSSRSYTSGPG (SEQGPRAFSSRS + − 14 ID NO: 15) (SEQ ID NO: 144) Cytokeratin 174-193DFKNKYEDEINKRTEMENEF − − 15 (SEQ ID NO: 145) Cytokeratin 355-371ELEAALQRAKQDMARQL (SEQ EAALQRAKQ + − 16 ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 16)Cytokeratin 78-95 LEVDPNIQAVRTQEKEQI (SEQ NIQAVRTQE + − 17 ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 146) DPNIQAVRT (SEQ ID NO: 147) Cytokeratin 297-316KHGDDLRRTKTEISEMNRNI − − 18 (SEQ ID NO: 148) Arginine residuessubstituted to citrulline are underlined

-   -   c) Screen known citrullinated epitopes for T cell responses ING4        protein is citrullinated by PAD4 at position 133 in its NLS        region. This prevents its association with p53 which is        essential for p53 activation. Citrullinated ING4 protein is        rapidly degraded suggesting it may be abundantly expressed on        MHC class II. ING4 peptide AQKKLKLVRTSPEYGMP failed to stimulate        any immune response in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice but        AQKKLKLVcitTSPEYGMP stimulated an IFNγ/IL-17 response (mean 200        spots/million splenocytes) to the citrullinated peptide but no        response to the wild type peptide. The response to the        citrullinated peptides was blocked with a MHC class II blocking        mab (FIG. 31a ). This is a further example of a protein that can        stimulate citrullinated/tumour specific CD4 responses.    -   d) Screen any protein for citrullinated T cell epitopes.

As we have shown in example 2, immunising with DNA encoding a wholeantigen results in responses to citrullinated peptides. Here we showthat if we immunise with DNA encoding whole antigen and screen againstall possible citrullinated 20mer peptides only T cell responses to thecitrullinated epitopes presented by the HLA molecules stimulate animmune response. The panel of citrullinated peptides is detailed inTable 7. FIG. 33a shows responses generated from vimentin DNAimmunisation in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice and FIG. 34b shows responses inHLA-A2/DR1 transgenic mice. HLA-DR4 transgenic mice show high frequencyresponses specific for the citrullinated vimentin 28-49 and 415-433peptides as well as lower frequency responses to vimentin 19-33, 26-44and 36-54 peptides. HLA-A2/DR1 transgenic mice demonstrate highfrequency responses specific for the citrullinated vimentin 65-77peptide. This exemplifies the use of DNA encoding whole antigens toinduce citrullinated T cell responses and is an excellent method forscreening for further citrullinated T cell epitopes. Similarly proteinscan be citrullinated ex vivo by incubating with PAD enzymes in thepresence of high levels of calcium. These proteins can be used toimmunise mice and the T cells are then screened against all possiblecitrullinated 20mer peptides.

-   -   e) screen predicted peptides selected based on MHC binding score        and arginine residues within the core region.

We have shown that responses can be induced to known citrullinatedepitopes but here we also demonstrate that peptide epitopes can beselected based on predicted MHC binding scores and presence of arginineresidues within the core MHC binding region. For this example peptideswere selected from BiP, HSP90, CXCL10, CXCL12 and ING4 that had highpredicted binding to HLA-DR4 using the SYFPEITHI prediction algorithm(www.syfpeithi.de) and then further restricted through the presence ofarginines in the core binding region (determined using IEDB predictionalgorithm (www.iedb.org) (Table 9). Peptides containing all arginineschanged to citrulline were tested.

TABLE 9 Predicted HLA-DR4 peptides Response SYMPATHEI in HLA- SEQUENCECOORDINATE CORE SCORE DR4 mice HSP90 346-360 RAPFDLFENRKKKNN 346-360FDLFENRK 28 + (SEQ ID NO: 29) K (SEQ ID NO: 28) HSP90 378-392IPEYLNFIRGVVDSE 378-392 YLNFIRGV 28 − (SEQ ID NO: 32) V, (SEQ ID NO: 30)FIRGVVDS E (SEQ ID NO: 31) HSP90 456-477 RKKLSELLRYYTSASG 456-477LRYYTSAS 26/22/20 + DEMVSL (SEQ ID NO: G, (SEQ ID 36) NO: 33) LLRYYTSAS, (SEQ ID NO: 34) LSELLRYY T (SEQ ID NO: 35) HSP90beta RRRLSELLRYHTSQS546-470 26 456-470 (SEQ ID NO: 37) BiP 39-53 YSCVGVFKNGRVEII 39-53VGVFKNG 26 + (SEQ ID NO: 40) R (SEQ ID NO: 150) FKNGRVEI I (SEQ IDNO: 151) BiP 172-186 VPAYFNDAQRQATKD 172-186 YFNDAQR 28 +A (SEQ ID NO: 42) QA (SEQ ID NO: 41) BiP 522-536 KITITNDQNRLTPEE 522-536ITNDQNRL 26 − (SEQ ID NO: 46) T (SEQ ID NO: 45) ING4 44-58KLATEYMSSARSLSSE 44-58 YMSSARSL 26/22 + EK (SEQ ID NO: 27) S, (SEQ IDNO: 24) MSSARSLS S, (SEQ ID NO: 25) TEYMSSAR S (SEQ ID NO: 26)CXCL10 57-71 CPRVEIIATMKKKGE 57-71 VEIIATMK 26 − (SEQ ID NO: 52)K, (SEQ ID NO: 50) RVEIIATM K (SEQ ID NO: 51) CXCL12 54-68NCALQIVARLKNNNR 54-68 LQIVARLK 26 − (SEQ ID NO: 49) N, (SEQ ID NO: 47)VARLKNN NR (SEQ ID NO: 48)

HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunised on up to three occasions withcitrullinated peptides and responses assessed ex vivo by IFNg elispotagainst relevant citrullinated and unmodified peptides. FIG. 34 showssignificant responses to citrullinated BiP 39-53, BiP 172-186, HSP90346-360, HSP90 456-477 and ING4 44-58 over that to unmodified peptide orbackground control. This provides another efficient method for theselection of citrullinated T cell epitopes.

To prove that the T cells recognise tumours, they can be screened forrecognition of tumour target cells, acid stripped to encourage MHCrecycling and serum starved to induce autophagy (FIGS. 22a and e ). Therole of citrullination and autophagy can be confirmed using PAD andautophagy inhibitors (FIG. 22a ). In vivo anti-tumour responses can bemeasured by initiating tumours, immunising with citrullinated peptidesand monitoring tumour growth as shown in FIGS. 24-26).

Example 11

Previous studies have shown that it is possible to determine thedifferentiation of naïve CD4 cells to different helper phenotypesdepending upon their cytokine milieu present when they are stimulated.In contrast, we have shown for the first time in FIG. 15 that certainepitopes can determine T helper cells differentiation despite thecytokine environment. Vim415 cit stimulated a Th1/IL-17 phenotype evenwhen immunised in the presence of the Th2 adjuvant complete Freund'sadjuvant. This suggests that the strength of the CD4 T cell receptorengagement with MHC peptide can determine T cell differentiation. Inthis context we have shown that wild type vim415 stimulates an IL-10response (FIG. 30; mean 580 spots/million splenocytes p=0.0249) even inthe presence of the Th1 adjuvants CpG/MPLA. However, it failed tostimulate a significant IFNγ or IL-17 response.

REFERENCES

-   1. Gao, F. G., et al., Antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell help is required    to activate a memory CD8+ T cell to a fully functional tumor killer    cell. Cancer Res, 2002. 62(22): p. 6438-41.-   2. Janssen, E. M., et al., CD4+ T cells are required for secondary    expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Nature, 2003.    421(6925): p. 852-6.-   3. Fearon, E. R., et al., Interleukin-2 production by tumor cells    bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor    response. Cell, 1990. 60(3): p. 397-403.-   4. Baxevanis, C. N., et al., Tumor-specific CD4+T lymphocytes from    cancer patients are required for optimal induction of cytotoxic T    cells against the autologous tumor. J Immunol, 2000. 164(7): p.    3902-12.-   5. Cella, M., et al., Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers    production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell    stimulatory capacity. T-T help via APC activation. J Exp Med, 1996.    184(2): p. 747-52.-   6. Ridge, J. P., F. Di Rosa, and P. Matzinger, A conditioned    dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and    a T-killer cell. Nature, 1998. 393(6684): p. 474-8.-   7. Schoenberger, S. P., et al., T-cell help for cytotoxic T    lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature, 1998.    393(6684): p. 480-3.-   8. Ayyoub, M., et al., An immunodominant SSX-2-derived epitope    recognized by CD4+ T cells in association with HLA-DR. J Clin    Invest, 2004. 113(8): p. 1225-33.-   9. Halder, T., et al., Isolation of novel HLA-DR restricted    potential tumor-associated antigens from the melanoma cell line FM3.    Cancer Res, 1997. 57(15): p. 3238-44.-   10. Pardoll, D. M. and S. L. Topalian, The role of CD4+ T cell    responses in antitumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol, 1998. 10(5): p.    588-94.-   11. Topalian, S. L., MHC class II restricted tumor antigens and the    role of CD4+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin    Immunol, 1994. 6(5): p. 741-5.-   12. Muranski, P., et al., Tumor-specific Th17-polarized cells    eradicate large established melanoma. Blood, 2008. 112(2): p.    362-73.-   13. Paludan, C., et al., Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1-specific    CD4(+) Th1 cells kill Burkitt's lymphoma cells. J Immunol, 2002.    169(3): p. 1593-603.-   14. Quezada, S. A., et al., Tumor-reactive CD4(+) T cells develop    cytotoxic activity and eradicate large established melanoma after    transfer into lymphopenic hosts. J Exp Med, 2010. 207(3): p. 637-50.-   15. Xie, Y., et al., Naive tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells    differentiated in vivo eradicate established melanoma. Journal of    Experimental Medicine, 2010. 207(3): p. 651-667.-   16. Brandmaier, A. G., et al., High-avidity autoreactive CD4+ T    cells induce host CTL, overcome T(regs) and mediate tumor    destruction. J Immunother, 2009. 32(7): p. 677-88.-   17. Lauwen, M. M., et al., Self-tolerance does not restrict the CD4+    T-helper response against the p53 tumor antigen. Cancer Res, 2008.    68(3): p. 893-900.-   18. Touloukian, C. E., et al., Identification of a MHC class    II-restricted human gp100 epitope using DR4-IE transgenic mice. J    Immunol, 2000. 164(7): p. 3535-42.-   19. Mohanan, S., et al., Potential role of peptidylarginine    deiminase enzymes and protein citrullination in cancer pathogenesis.    Biochem Res Int, 2012. 2012: p. 895343.-   20. Nomura, K., Specificity and mode of action of the muscle-type    protein-arginine deiminase. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1992. 293(2): p.    362-9.-   21. Stensland, M. E., et al., Primary sequence, together with other    factors, influence peptide deimination by peptidylarginine    deiminase-4. Biol Chem, 2009. 390(2): p. 99-107.-   22. Klareskog, L., et al., Immunity to citrullinated proteins in    rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology, 2008. 26: p.    651-675.-   23. Migliorini, P., et al., The immune response to citrullinated    antigens in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2005.    4(8): p. 561-564.-   24. Nijenhuis, S., et al., Autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins    in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical performance and biochemical    aspects of an RA-specific marker. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2004.    350(1-2): p. 17-34.-   25. Sebbag, M., et al., Epitopes of human fibrin recognized by the    rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated    proteins. European Journal of Immunology, 2006. 36(8): p. 2250-2263.-   26. Vossenaar, E. R., et al., Rheumatoid arthritis specific anti-Sa    antibodies target citrullinated vimentin. Arthritis Res Ther, 2004.    6(2): p. R142-50.-   27. Vossenaar, E. R., et al., Expression and activity of    citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes in monocytes and    macrophages. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2004. 63(4): p.    373-381.-   28. Birnboim, H. C., et al., Cutting edge: MHC class II-restricted    peptides containing the inflammation-associated marker    3-nitrotyrosine evade central tolerance and elicit a robust    cell-mediated immune response. J Immunol, 2003. 171(2): p. 528-532.-   29. Herzog, J., et al., Activated antigen presenting cells select    and present chemically modified peptides recognized by unique CD4 T    cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United    States of America, 2005. 102(22): p. 7928-7933.-   30. Bronte, V., et al., Boosting antitumor responses of T    lymphocytes infiltrating human prostate cancers. Journal of    Experimental Medicine, 2005. 201(8): p. 1257-1268.-   31. Arentz-Hansen, H., et al., The intestinal T cell response to    alpha-gliadin in adult celiac disease is focused on a single    deamidated glutamine targeted by tissue transglutaminase. J Exp    Med, 2000. 191(4): p. 603-12.-   32. Pudney, V. A., et al., DNA vaccination with T-cell epitopes    encoded within Ab molecules induces high-avidity anti-tumor CD8(+) T    cells. European Journal of Immunology, 2010. 40(3): p. 899-910.-   33. DURRANT, L. G. M., Rachael Louise; PUDNEY, Victoria Anne;    NUCLEIC ACIDS, 2008.-   34. Feitsma, A. L., et al., Identification of Citrullinated Vimentin    Peptides as T Cell Epitopes in HLA-DR4-Positive Patients With    Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2010. 62(1): p.    117-125.-   35. Kryszke, M. H. and P. Vicart, Regulation of the expression of    the human vimentin gene: Application to cellular immortalization.    Pathologie Biologie, 1998. 46(1): p. 39-45.-   36. Paulin, D., EXPRESSION OF THE GENES-CODING FOR THE HUMAN    INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEINS. Pathologie Biologie, 1989. 37(4): p.    277-282.-   37. Ramaekers, F. C., et al., Use of antibodies to intermediate    filaments in the characterization of human tumors. Cold Spring Harb    Symp Quant Biol, 1982. 46 Pt 1: p. 331-9.-   38. Thomas, P. A., et al., Association between keratin and vimentin    expression, malignant phenotype, and survival in postmenopausal    breast cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 1999. 5(10): p.    2698-2703.-   39. Conforti, G., et al., DIFFERENT VIMENTIN EXPRESSION IN 2 CLONES    DERIVED FROM A HUMAN COLOCARCINOMA CELL-LINE (LOVO) SHOWING    DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY TO DOXORUBICIN. British Journal of    Cancer, 1995. 71(3): p. 505-511.-   40. Moran, E., et al., Co-expression of MDR-associated markers,    including P-170, MRP and LRP and cytoskeletal proteins, in three    resistant variants of the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, OAW42.    European Journal of Cancer, 1997. 33(4): p. 652-660.-   41. Gilles, C., et al., Vimentin expression in cervical carcinomas:    association with invasive and migratory potential. J Pathol, 1996.    180(2): p. 175-80.-   42. Williams, A. A., et al., CD 9 and vimentin distinguish clear    cell from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. BMC Clin Pathol, 2009.    9: p. 9.-   43. Gustmann, C., et al., CYTOKERATIN EXPRESSION AND VIMENTIN    CONTENT IN LARGE CELL ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMAS AND OTHER    NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMAS. American Journal of Pathology, 1991.    138(6): p. 1413-1422.-   44. Yamamoto, Y., K. Izumi, and H. Otsuka, AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL    STUDY OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN, CYTOKERATIN, AND VIMENTIN IN    PAPILLARY THYROID-CARCINOMA-RECOGNITION OF LETHAL AND FAVORABLE    PROGNOSTIC TYPES. Cancer, 1992. 70(9): p. 2326-2333.-   45. Coppola, D., et al., Prognostic significance of p53, bcl-2,    vimentin, and S100 protein positive Langerhans cells in endometrial    carcinoma. Human Pathology, 1998. 29(5): p. 455-462.-   46. Fuyuhiro, Y., et al., Clinical Significance of Vimentin positive    Gastric Cancer Cells. Anticancer Research, 2010. 30(12): p.    5239-5243.-   47. Takemura, K., et al., EXPRESSION OF VIMENTIN IN GASTRIC-CANCER-A    POSSIBLE INDICATOR FOR PROGNOSIS. Pathobiology, 1994. 62(3): p.    149-154.-   48. Ivaska, J., Vimentin: Central hub in EMT induction? Small    Gtpases, 2011. 2(1): p. 51-53.-   49. Vuoriluoto, K., et al., Vimentin regulates EMT induction by Slug    and oncogenic H-Ras and migration by governing Axl expression in    breast cancer. Oncogene, 2011. 30(12): p. 1436-1448.-   50. Hill, J. A., et al., Cutting edge: The conversion of arginine to    citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the    rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule.    J Immunol, 2003. 171(2): p. 538-541.-   51. Ireland, J., J. Herzog, and E. R. Unanue, Cutting edge: Unique T    cells that recognize citrullinated peptides are a feature of protein    immunization. J Immunol, 2006. 177(3): p. 1421-1425.-   52. Asaga, H., et al., Immunocytochemical localization of    peptidylarginine deiminase in human eosinophils and neutrophils.    Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 2001. 70(1): p. 46-51.-   53. Nagata, S. and T. Senshu, PEPTIDYLARGININE DEIMINASE IN RAT AND    MOUSE HEMATOPOIETIC-CELLS. Experientia, 1990. 46(1): p. 72-74.-   54. Loos, T., et al., Citrullination of CXCL10 and CXCL11 by    peptidylarginine deiminase: a naturally occurring posttranslational    modification of chemokines and new dimension of immunoregulation.    Blood, 2008. 112(7): p. 2648-2656.-   55. Proost, P., et al., Citrullination of CXCL8 by peptidylarginine    deiminase alters receptor usage, prevents proteolysis, and dampens    tissue inflammation. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2008.    205(9): p. 2085-2097.-   56. Struyf, S., et al., Citrullination of CXCL12 Differentially    Reduces CXCR4 and CXCR7 Binding with Loss of Inflammatory and    Anti-HIV-1 Activity via CXCR4. J Immunol, 2009. 182(1): p. 666-674.-   57. Ireland, J. M. and E. R. Unanue, Autophagy in antigen presenting    cells results in presentation of citrullinated peptides to CD4 T    cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2011. 208(13): p.    2625-2632.-   58. Asaga, H., M. Yamada, and T. Senshu, Selective deimination of    vimentin in calcium ionophore-induced apoptosis of mouse peritoneal    macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1998. 243(3): p. 641-6.-   59. Mor-Vaknin, N., et al., Vimentin is secreted by activated    macrophages. Nature Cell Biology, 2003. 5(1): p. 59-63.-   60. Vossenaar, E. R., et al., PAD, a growing family of    citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease.    Bioessays, 2003. 25(11): p. 1106-18.-   61. Kaufmann, S. H. E., The contribution of immunology to the    rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines. Nature Reviews    Microbiology, 2007. 5(7): p. 491-504.-   62. Kubilus, J., R. F. Waitkus, and H. P. Baden,    PARTIAL-PURIFICATION AND SPECIFICITY OF AN ARGININE-CONVERTING    ENZYME FROM BOVINE EPIDERMIS. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, 1980.    615(1): p. 246-251.-   63. Senshu, T., et al., Studies on specificity of peptidylarginine    deiminase reactions using an immunochemical probe that recognizes an    enzymatically deiminated partial sequence of mouse keratin K1.    Journal of Dermatological Science, 1999. 21(2): p. 113-126.-   64. Chang, X., et al., Localization of peptidylarginine deiminase 4    (PADI4) and citrullinated protein in synovial tissue of rheumatoid    arthritis. Rheumatology, 2005. 44(1): p. 40-50.-   65. Chang, X. and J. Han, Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase    type 4 (PAD4) in various tumors. Mol Carcinog, 2006. 45(3): p.    183-96.-   66. Guo, Q. and W. Fast, Citrullination of inhibitor of growth 4    (ING4) by peptidylarginine deminase 4 (PAD4) disrupts the    interaction between ING4 and p. 53. J Biol Chem, 2011. 286(19): p.    17069-78.-   67. Karlin, S. and S. F. Altschul, Applications and statistics for    multiple high-scoring segments in molecular sequences. Proc Natl    Acad Sci USA, 1993. 90(12): p. 5873-7.-   68. Altschul, S. F., et al., Basic local alignment search tool. J    Mol Biol, 1990. 215(3): p. 403-10.-   69. Altschul, S. F., et al., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new    generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids    Res, 1997. 25(17): p. 3389-402.-   70. Myers, E. W. and W. Miller, Approximate matching of regular    expressions. Bull Math Biol, 1989. 51(1): p. 5-37.-   71. Torelli, A. and C. A. Robotti, ADVANCE and ADAM: two algorithms    for the analysis of global similarity between homologous    informational sequences. Comput Appl Biosci, 1994. 10(1): p. 3-5.-   72. Pearson, W. R. and D. J. Lipman, Improved tools for biological    sequence comparison. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1988. 85(8): p. 2444-8.-   73. Remington, R., Remington's pharmaceutical sciences. 16th ed.    1980: Mack Pub. Co.-   74. Stewart, Solid phase peptide synthesis. 2nd ed. 1984, Rockford:    Illinois Pierce Chemical Company.-   75. Bodanzsky, B., The practice of peptide synthesis. 1984, New    York: Springer Verlag.-   76. Sambrook, J., Fritsch and Maniatis, Molecular cloning: A    laboratory manual. 2nd ed. 1989: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory    Press.-   77. Ausubel, J., Short protocols in molecular biology. 1992: John    Wiley & Sons-   78. Pluckthun, A., Antibody engineering: advances from the use of    Escherichia coli expression systems. Biotechnology (N Y), 1991.    9(6): p. 545-51.-   79. Reff, M. E., High-level production of recombinant    immunoglobulins in mammalian cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 1993.    4(5): p. 573-6.-   80. Trill, J. J., A. R. Shatzman, and S. Ganguly, Production of    monoclonal antibodies in COS and CHO cells. Curr Opin    Biotechnol, 1995. 6(5): p. 553-60.-   81. Palena, C., et al., Strategies to target molecules that control    the acquisition of a mesenchymal-like phenotype by carcinoma cells.    Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2011. 236(5): p. 537-45.-   82. Denzin, L. K., et al., Assembly and intracellular transport of    HLA-DM and correction of the class II antigen processing defect in    T2 cells. Immunity, 1994. 1(7): p. 595-606.-   83. Kovats, S., et al., Presentation of abundant endogenous class II    DR-restricted antigens by DM-negative B cell lines. Eur J    Immunol, 1997. 27(4): p. 1014-21.-   84. Metheringham, R. L., et al., Antibodies designed as effective    cancer vaccines. MAbs, 2009. 1(1): p. 71-85.-   85. Quinn M J B P, B. A., Kirby E A, Jones J, Cancer trends in    england and wales, 1950-1999, in London: Stationery Office2001. p.    206-207.-   86. NICE, Improving outcomes in colorectal cancers: Manual update,    2004: London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of stimulating an immune responseto a tumor that expresses a citrullinated tumor-associated MHC Class IICD4+ T-cell epitope in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of thecitrullinated tumor-associated epitope which stimulates an immunereaction against the tumor, wherein the citrullinated tumor-associatedepitope comprises at least one of the following sequences:(SEQ ID NO: 98) RSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS (vim28-49), (SEQ ID NO: 59)SAVRLRSSVPGVR (vim65-77) (SEQ ID NO: 61)LPNFSSLNLRETNLDSLPL (vim415-433).

wherein one or more of the R residues is substituted for citrulline. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the tumor is a melanoma, breast,endometrial, colorectal or ovarian tumor.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the subject is a human or veterinary subject.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the epitope comprises citSYVTTSTcitTYSLGSALcitPSTS (SEQID NO: 54) (vim28-49).
 5. A method of treating cancer in a subject inneed thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an epitope comprising the sequence YVTTSTRTYSLGSALR(SEQ ID NO: 55), optionally comprising the sequenceRSYVTTSTRTYSLGSALRPSTS (vim28-49) (SEQ ID NO: 56), wherein the sequenceof the epitope is less than that of the full length protein.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the cancer is melanoma, breast cancer,endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer or ovarian cancer.
 7. The methodof claim 5, wherein the subject is a human or veterinary subject.
 8. Amethod of stimulating an immune response to a tumor that expresses acitrullinated tumor-associated MHC Class II CD4+ T-cell epitope in asubject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject atherapeutically effective amount of the citrullinated tumor-associatedepitope which stimulates an immune reaction against the tumor, whereinthe citrullinated tumor-associated epitope is: YVTTSTRTYSLGSALR (SEQ IDNO: 55), wherein one or more of the R residues is substituted forcitrulline.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the tumor is a melanoma,breast, endometrial, colorectal or ovarian tumor.
 10. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the subject is a human or veterinary subject.